Telecommunication System Engineering

Question: Discuss about the Telecommunication System Engineering. Answer: System Engineering: Basics of the system engineering utilizes system thinking to organize whole knowledge. Some critical issues like requirements engineering, coordination among team members, logistics, testing, reliability, maintainability and many such disciplines are necessary for system design, development, and implementation [1]. System engineering defines work processes to optimize the methods. It provides risk management strategies and tools for projects. System engineering might overlap with human centered disciplines like manufacturing engineering, project management, industrial engineering, control engineering or software engineering. System engineering is not a manufacturing process, it is more likely a discovery process to deploy efficient methods. A manufacturing process is mainly focused on repetitive activities to achieve high quality products with minimum resources. Whereas system engineering process starts with discovering real problems which needs to be resolved and identifies impact o f failures to cause loss. System engineering helps to identify problem and then provides solutions for those problems. System Efficiency and Reliability: System efficiency and reliability are important aspects of any software system in the organization. Organization depends on these aspects for continuous delivery of the services. There are many effective ways to make this happen. These are: Clean data: Data is required for most of the applications. Insufficient and incorrect data will create trouble instead of generating outputs. Wrong data may result in wrong interpretation or wrong information. Clean data will give accurate and reliable results. Defines Processes: Software might have fixed processes which needs to be repeat for different purposes. Defining these processes according to the requirement of the system is required. All the process will not fir the system. These processes need to be modified whenever required[2]. Security: System security is most important concern for any organization. Communication over internet may be a risky affair for a content sensitive company. If company wants to keep its information confidential, it must secure the system with latest updates software or firewalls. Information access: Information should be easily accessible to the authorized users. It should not be a complex process to get any relevant information from the system. Maintenance and Adaptation: Regular maintenance of the system is required to repair any loss of system capability or information. It can be done through documentation or through automatic software checkers. Public Switched Telephone Network (pstn): PSTN is used to meet requirements of offices, organizations or individuals to transmit telephone messages all across country. It can also be provided international access. System will be provided interconnection of private networks and access to PSTN which will be according to present requirements. PSTN supports the data transmission, e-mail and messages to cross point switches when corresponding equipment is used at terminal [3]. PSTN is designed to enable two way voice communication. Enabling a connection between two points was as simple as placing a normal wire between the two points. Cost of this connection depended on the distance between the locations and the distance of end users from each other. With increase in distance, cost increases and accessibility decreases. Telephony network developed with the time and now more users can be connected through each other. Earlier only one user could be connected to a single user with the point-to-point connections over telephone network architecture. Network engineers developed a network to interconnect large number of devices by placing switching equipment at central locations. This was called Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). It is focused on circuits used in network. It is a connection oriented system for delivering only one service which is voice. In this system, each network user require to set up a call-setup to both the points which needs to be connected. It reserves the resources along the path for two way communication. This allows the network operator to route and bill the calls by identifying every step of call path and it also manages the switching system network. PSTN arranges the network offices in hierarchical stages according to the function they perform and employ trunk lines between network switches. It can scale up the tele-communication network to accommodate many end users. By doing this, it can manage the traffic between switch offices depending on which switch needs to be connected. It identifies the traffic as local traffic, international traffic or long distance traffic. PSTN operates on a link to link basis. Each switch forwards the traffic in a hierarchy towards link or hop to nex t PSTN based on call setups [4]. Digital Microwave Radio Systems: Microwave transmission is information or energy transmission by electromagnetic waves. Wavelength of these waves is measure in centimeters. Range of wavelength is from 1 Gigahertz to 300Gigahertz. These waves are used for point to point communication. Small wavelength is used conveniently for small sized antennas to direct it in narrow beams which can easily be pointed out to receiving antenna. Therefore nearby microwaves can use same frequencies without interfering with other devices or communications. This is the problem with lower frequency radio waves. Another big advantage of this is that high frequency waves give band large information carrying capacity without distortion [6]. This has the bandwidth 30times of all other radio spectrums. But there is limitation too and which constraints it to line of sight propagation only. These waves cant be passed across the hills or mountains but lower frequency waves can be easily passed through these obstacles. Microwave transmission is mostly used for point to point communication on the plane surface of earth, in space radio communication or also in satellite communication. It is also used for radio navigations, radio astronomy, radars and sensory systems. There is a higher part of radio electromagnetic spectrum which is above 30 GHz and below 100GHz, these are called millimeter waves. These radio waves in this band limit can be highly attenuated by atmosphere and particles at earth.at wider frequency band, radio waves are attenuated by atmospheric molecular oxygen. Electronic technologies used in millimeter band are difficult to utilize than microwave band [7]. There are two types information transmission: One-way or two way transmission through communication satellite Terrestrial microwave telecommunication Digital Radio Transmitter Digital radio transmitter takes baseband waves and translates them into a waveform which can be effectively transmitted by channel. Before this transmission to radio frequency from baseband, waveform is digitized to gain the advantages of digital modulation. Coding is also used to efficiently use the available bandwidth by minimizing the interference and noise introduced by the channel. This coded signal is filtered and changed to analog waveform which is then converted to desired frequency transmission [8]. At last, RF signal is amplified after filtration and then transmitted from antenna. Digital Radio Receiver: It can be implemented in many ways with certain components in all receivers. It should be able to extract RF signal in presence of potential interference. There is a pre-selector filter which is most important part of the receiver. It attenuates signals which are out of band while receiving from antenna. Low noise amplifier is used to boost desired signals while ignoring noise of radio signal. A mixer is installed to down covert RF signal to intermediate frequency by collaborating local oscillator with RF signal. Unwanted components of the frequency are attenuated using IF filter. All the variations at the receiver are manifested by themselves at receiver. Microwave Link Design: Link design start with link budget analysis. Radio system has a gain which depends on radio design and used modulation. Gain at each antenna are supplementary to this gain. Higher gains are possible from large antennas. Free space loss is subtracted from system when radio signal travels over the air. Loss is higher with longer links. This energy can be absorbed by rain or other environmental factors. Rain can cause outage if sufficient energy is absorbed which cause receiver to lose the signal. Radio link engineering to accommodate these rain attenuated effects is based on global rain models. These models are derived from attenuation combined with meteorological observations. The resulted fade margins are calculated. Anything in this margin can be overcome by the radio signal, if margin exceeds then the link will go down. Path Profile: It is a graphical representation of path of the radio waves between two end point links. It determines height of antenna and its location at each link end. It tries to get link free of obstructions like hills and multipath reflections. Link endpoints should have unobstructed line of sight radio waves. Frequency of microwave is lower than visible light, because of this it behave differently in environmental conditions. It require more clear way than line of sight way to accommodate microwave signal characteristics. Electromagnetic waves do not travel on straight path. It spreads as it propagates. Individual signal does not travel at same velocity. A French scientist divided the wave paths in different zones according to their speed and phase of wave propagation. Sizes of these Fresnel zones vary according to radio signal frequency and path length [5]. Fresnel zone size increases with decrease in frequency and increase in path length. Radius of Fresnel zone is maximum when signal is at mid of path. Therefore, midpoint needs most clearance in path than any other point. Calculation of Free Space Loss (FSL): It is the expected attenuation in a signal while its travel away from transmitting device. Signal spread over larger distance while radiating from an antenna. Power density decreases with increasing area covered which deteriorates the radio signal. FSL = 32.44 + 20lgF + 20lgD F is frequency in MHz and D is distance between endpoints of link in Km. Fade Margin: It is the difference between receiver sensitivity threshold and un-faded receive signal. Every link should have enough fade margin to keep it secure from path fading which deteriorates radio signals. Fade margin works as an insurance against system outages. It is related to link availability which is calculated as percentage of time when link was functional. This percentage increases with increase in fade margin. A link will have fewer system outages with larger fade margins. Link which have no fade margin or little fade margin might experience interrupted outages because of path fading phenomena. Climate Conditions Affecting Path Fading: Path fading increases in worse climatic conditions like flat or humid environment, dry or rough location. Link in flat or humid areas need larger fade margin to achieve better link availability. Climatic conditions like maritime temperature, coastal or humid temperature, sub-tropic climate, high dry mountains climate should be taken into considerations while calculating link availability performance [9]. Cost and operations of the telecom system depends on the requirements of the company. Cost can be adjusted based on the quality requirements and the distance between communicating devices. Maintenance cost is negligible in this system, although installation cost can be very high depending on geographical and environmental conditions. Bibliography: [1] P. . Fontolliet, "Telecommunication system engineering," Signal Processing, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 107, Apr. 2011. [2 J. M. Griffiths, "Telecommunication system engineering," Electronics and Power, vol. 26, no. 9, p. 750, 2010. [3] H. J. Kim, "Suitability of IP telephony in the public switched telephone network (PSTN)," International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 3956, 2007. [4] R. Frieden, "The mixed blessing of a Deregulatory Endpoint for the public switched telephone network," SSRN Electronic Journal, vol. 2, 2008. [5] M. C. S. Young and P. M. Grant, "Reduction of multipath propagation effects in microwave digital radio communication systems," Electronics Communications Engineering Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 4, 1990. [6] L. J. Stagg, "High-capacity digital microwave radio systems," IEE Journal on Microwaves, Optics and Acoustics, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 1, 2006. [7] K. Watanabe, S. Uwano, and H. Matsue, "Pre-interference canceller for digital microwave radio systems," Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part I: Communications), vol. 78, no. 6, pp. 103114, Jun. 2005. [8] I. Flood and D. Bacon, "Towards more spectrally efficient frequency assignment for microwave fixed links," International Journal of Mobile Network Design and Innovation, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 147, 2006. [9] A. D. Sarma, M. V. S. N. Prasad, and B. Balakrishna, "Significance of rain induced Attenuation and Multipath in the design of digital microwave links," IETE Technical Review, vol. 12, no. 5-6, pp. 359373, Sep. 1995.

The Best Social Networking Tool for Me

Introduction Choosing the best social networking tool requires a decision process. The paper highlights the cognitive process that will assist one to select the best networking tool based on different alternatives. The steps followed incorporate output of the planning stage decision making that precedes the actual decision making exercise.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Best Social Networking Tool for Me specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Issue Identification Making a Decision Social networking tools have different features, and thus, one ought to choose a tool that is easy to navigate and customize. In addition, the tool should offer maximum benefits and have minimal consequences (Boyd Ellison, 2007, p.1). Goals to be achieved The tool should offer opportunities to add friends in an extensive physical social layer. Additionally, the tool should be an entity of reciprocal altruism and gift economy, a nd ensure privacy and protection of clandestine information. Issue Analysis Causes of decision paralysis Decision paralysis occurs because many people do not understand how social tools operate. Another issue that causes decision paralysis is the several tools that have similar functionality—making it hard to choose. Cognitive and personal biases Depending on the physical appearance of the tool, many people tend to lean to the one that pleases their eyes without considering its functionality. Peer influence and the number of people within an age group can influence somebody to select a tool. Develop Alternatives Choosing one tool over another Choosing one tool over another is not an easy task. Nevertheless, people choose tools that best suit their needs. Moreover, the tool should serve the intended purpose like data protection and privacy. Not choosing any of the tools Certain factors can cause a barren choice of a tool. This dilemma does not eliminate the existing problem. C onsequently, a barren choice does not mean a cut of costs, but rather, an opportunity to revisit the decision.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Evaluate Alternatives Rating of each alternative It is better to explore each tool, analyze the benefits of each tool before making a decision. Even though people choose certain tools as the preferred ones, they still want to explore their decisions to establish opportunity cost. Rating of the risk posed by each alternative In the decision process, risks are rife. One might choose a tool only to find that it does not serve the intended purpose. Thus, it is better to rate every risk posed by each alternative and in order to establish how it might affect the outcome. Decision Using Optimizing Strategy The optimizing strategy enables one to choose a tool that would give results and enable realization of objectives. Under this strategy, only allo w a barren choice when the tool offers low utility threshold. Lastly, the tool chosen must meet all conditions of the criterion. Using Max-min strategy Sometimes, limited technology can hinder the decision process. However, it is important to note that a barren choice will suffice the decision process. When costs and implications outweigh the benefits of the tool, then, go for a barren choice. Implementation Plan Decision actions Compare the pros and cons of the tool before taking any decision bearing in mind that the pros must outweigh the cons in order to eliminate chances of a dilemma occurring. In case one fails to choose a tool, then repeat the process again. Additional actions to prevent adverse consequences The best way to arrive at the best social networking tool is first, understanding how the tools work and then weighing the pros and cons with ease. It is also important to make a decision once for all in order to refute any future regrets. Otherwise, a flurry of decision s trategies serves to bring confusion that will cause decision paralysis (Mackaay, 1990, pp. 867-910). Review Plan Risks and drawbacks involved One must understand that the prevailing status quo may change. In addition, the chosen tool will definitely be missing some benefits owned by the other tools. Furthermore, although the tool chosen meets the objectives, it may not necessarily evade personal biases hence, rendering it unpleasant.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Best Social Networking Tool for Me specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Why benefits outweigh risks The choice, and not the status quo, is the paramount thing in selecting a tool. The pre-eminence of the tool in fulfilling the objectives at a manageable cost takes priority. Additionally, a person can sacrifice personal biases by conditioning sessions in order to choose the best tool. Conclusion The very many social networking tools make the d ecision process of choosing the best tool cumbersome. Nevertheless, a good decision process will always lead to the best social networking tool. From identifying the issue to reviewing of decisions, one finds how involving the task is. The scrutiny of various alternatives enables the decision maker to make an informed choice—on that meets the objectives of the entire process (Harris, 2009, p.1). Reference List Boyd, D. Ellison, N. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 1. Harris, R. (2009). Introduction to decision making. Virtual Salt. Retrieved from https://www.virtualsalt.com/crebook5.htm Mackaay, E. (1990). Economic Incentives in Markets for Information and Innovation. Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy, 13(909), 867–910. This research paper on The Best Social Networking Tool for Me was written and submitted by user Sloane S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition of Majority Opinion for the Supreme Court

Definition of Majority Opinion for the Supreme Court The majority opinion is an explanation of the reasoning behind the majority decision of a supreme court. In terms of the United States Supreme Court, the majority opinion is written by a justice selected by either the Chief Justice or if he or she is not in the majority, then the senior justice who voted with the majority. The majority opinion is often cited as precedent in arguments and decisions during other court cases. Two additional opinions that justices of the US Supreme Court might issue include a concurring opinion and a dissenting opinion. How Cases Reach the Supreme Court Known as the highest court in the nation, The Supreme Court has nine Justices who decide if they will take a case. They use a rule known as the Rule of Four, meaning if at least four of the Justices  want to take the case, they will issue a legal order called a writ of certiorari to review records of the case.  Only about 75 to 85 cases are taken per year, out of 10,000 petitions. Often, the cases that are approved involve the entire country, rather than individual people. This is done so that any case that can have a large impact  that can affect a significant amount of people, such as the entire nation, are taken into consideration. Concurring Opinion While a majority opinion stands as the judicial opinion agreed upon by more than half of the court, a concurring opinion allows for more legal support. If all nine justices cannot agree on the resolution of a case and/or reasons that support it, one or more justices can create concurring opinions which agree with the way to solve the case considered by the majority. However, a concurring opinion communicates additional reasons for reaching the same resolution.  While concurring opinions support the majority decision, it ultimately stresses various constitutional or legal basis for the judgment call. Dissenting Opinion In contrast to a concurring opinion, a dissenting opinion directly opposes the opinion of all or part of the majoritys decision.  Dissenting opinions analyze legal principles and are often utilized in lower courts.  Majority opinions may not always be correct, so dissents create a constitutional dialogue about underlying issues that can involve a change in the majority opinion. The main reason for having these dissenting opinions is because the nine Justices commonly disagree on the method for solving a case in the majority opinion. Through stating their dissent or writing an opinion about why they disagree, the reasoning can eventually change the majority of a court, causing an overrule over the length of the case. Notable Dissents in History Dred Scott v. Sandford, March 6, 1857Plessy v. Ferguson, May 18, 1896Olmstead v. the United States, June 4, 1928Minersville School District v. Gobitis, June 3, 1940Korematsu v. the United States, December 18, 1944Abington School District v. Schempp, June 17, 1963FCC v. Pacifica Foundation, July 3, 1978Lawrence v. Texas, June 26, 2003

Marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Marijuana - Essay Example The usefulness of marijuana cannot be denied its due right however as it is present within a number of medicines and in healing maladies and diseases. Therefore the negativities can easily be canceled out with the positives that surround marijuana in essence. The healing perspective is all the more necessary to state because it lists the main aspects that are present within marijuana. The perception related with marijuana needs to be altered in order to have a better viewpoint of the same within the society. The right side of marijuana must be propagated more than the drawbacks, because it is the need of the hour (Engs 1997). Moving on, the body effects of marijuana comprise of the redness within eyes, the decrease in intra-ocular pressure as well as the dryness within mouth. There is also the sensation of heat and cold within the skin with the addition of heart rate becoming faster and muscles becoming relaxed due to the intake of marijuana. Its usage develops anxiety and leads to d epression and psychosis. The causal mechanism has not been able to establish as of present times. There has been evidence available at certain places where heavy usage of marijuana has led to heart attacks as well (Graves 2005). More often it has been seen that marijuana users have reported certain abnormalities which have comprised of the likes of amygdale and hippocampus regions which are located within the human brain. A research by Dr. Sontineni demonstrated how chronic marijuana’s usage led to a form of compulsive bathing behavior by the patient. Furthermore, the benefits attached with marijuana include the fact that it has been able to assist patients with regards to their nausea and vomiting issues. It has addressed the issues that have come under the ranks of anorexia as well as weight loss. The individuals with movement disorders, asthma, spasticity, glaucoma and other painful conditions are facilitated with the usage of marijuana, as has been indicated through prope r research and evidence over the years. The benefits and good points related with marijuana seem to be hidden from all and sundry due to a number of different reasons. It indeed is a shame because this drug has a number of positives with regards to the entire society. People should have a soft corner for marijuana because it delivers help and assistance upon them (Cohen 2006). However the smoking of marijuana has eventually been a problem for quite a long while now and thus it resurfaces every now and so often. Researchers have shown through different studies on marijuana that its crude form has more than 400 chemicals that call for its usefulness. When smoked, the 400 chemicals break up into a number of chemicals which are varied in form and size. Much research has been based on the crude form of marijuana and indeed marijuana in essence, which depicts its usefulness in entirety. The medicinal role immediately ends when marijuana is smoked, thereby representing the fact that its us efulness has been at its lowest ebb (Kreit 2003). The social risks linked with marijuana are apparent nonetheless. The accidents that have been reported in media have more or less been blamed due to excessive usage of marijuana and its smoked form. It has played a very negative role at taking away the sheen from the usefulness of marijuana in its truest sense. People have generally blamed marijuana because of the different problems which come attached with it. The benefits have simply been ignored for all the wrong reasons. The role of

Marketing Plan 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Plan 2 - Essay Example The product that Delicious Food Restaurant will be bringing to the Chinese market would be unique and specific to the Chinese market. The product would include a variety of supplies in the main category of the fast foods. Some of the introductory products could include Chinese Fish Flavor and the Chinese Chicken Flavor. The flavors that the company would adopt include delicious indigenous flavors. The term indigenous would fit perfectly in the trademark description since the products would involve the most important food products to the Chinese culture, which include chicken and fish. The color of the products would vary with the product type. However, most of the flavors would have a golden brown color. In the same way, the shape would vary. For instance, the foods with fish flavors would be prepared with a fish shape so that it would be easier to identify them. Additionally, chicken flavors may be prepared having a shape of a chicken’s wing. Packaging would only be done on a customer’s request. The packaging would include degradable material such as paper packages that have specific identification to the company as the main labeling along with some information concerning other available products. Chinese population has been in a constant rise where the country has above 1 billion people. This population is very promising for the company since the large the population the higher the probability of acquiring a large market once operations commence. Consumer preference shift from the traditional foods is causing an expansion in the fast food market each day. In fact, China is one of the biggest fast food markets globally implying that it presents endless opportunities for the companies venturing into the market. The Chinese fast food market increased in revenues by approximately 13% annually reaching an approximated $94 billion by

Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Geography - Essay Example Physical determinism was heavily criticized and it was stated that the theory favored imperialism and racism. Therefore, it was recognized as inappropriate base for ethical considerations how interactions between people and nature, particularly, global land use, should be built. Environmental possibilism is not as strict as determinism and states that physical conditions determine human culture only to certain extent. In other words, people take to account their physical environment while building society, but are not defined by it1. Environmental probabilism extends the previous theory and argues that physical conditions allow for numerous variations in ways how people could interfere with nature. Particularly, the concept describes that there could develop a lot of probable human behaviors within one region2. In such way, environmental probabilism explains such phenomena as different cultures existing at the same areas and is one of the least controversial and most powerful geograp hical theories, which provide explanations what the relationship between humanity and surrounding is, how people are supposed to exploit natural resources and specifically could be used as valid guide for global land use considerations. 2. What is the most important human land use? What land use is the least important?   The main spheres, which are associated with human land use, include agriculture, mine-working, development of urban areas, deforestation in the process of wood harvesting in order to use it for further house-hold use and construction, using land for animal husbandry. Such heavy exploitation of land resources has led to various negative consequences like deforestation and irrigation of land3. According to IPCC Special Report on Climate Change (2000), there are seven spheres of human land-use activities, which essentially influence environment: â€Å"conversion of natural ecosystems to permanent croplands, conversion of natural ecosystems for shifting of cultivatio n, conversion of natural ecosystems to pasture, abandonment of croplands, abandonment of pastures, harvest of timber, and establishment of tree plantations† (Sutton, 2004).   On contrary the following categories are supposed to be less exploited in human land use: Land under Residential/Industrial/Transportation Facilities, Land under Protective Cover  (greenhouses and other urban use; vegetable growing, home gardening, residential parks, golf courses, etc.), Land under Temporary Crops Requiring Wetland Conditions  (wet-foot crops such as irrigated rice and jute), Land under Temporary Crops  (annuals; cultivated with crops with a growing cycle of under 1 year) (IPCC Special Report on Climate Change 2000) 3. Are global land uses sustainable? Are U.S. land uses sustainable?  Why or why not? According to An Overview of Key Environmental Issue, â€Å"land use refers to the purposes to which humans commit land cover such as forests and grasslands†4.   Nowadays it is commonly accepted that human land use could cause undesirable changes to ecosystem affecting land cover and land water greatly5. Such human activities as agriculture, logging, ranching, and industrial performance, lead to increased emissions of carbon dioxide gases

Prejudice and Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Essay -- HOD Joseph

Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness  Ã‚   Imagine floating up the dark waters of the Congo River in the Heart of Africa. The calmness of the water and the dense fog make the hairs stand up on the back of your neck as you wonder if the steamboats crew will eat you as you sleep. These things occur in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Although the book is undeniably racist, was the author, Joseph Conrad, racist? Conrad was racist because he uses racial slurs, the slavery and unfair treatment of the native Africans in his book. The use of racist language is very prevalent in Heart of Darkness. Conrad, through Marlow, the main character, uses the word nigger when talking about native Africans on many occasions. "The fool-nigger had dropped everything to throw the shutter open and let off that Martini-Henry" (Conrad 46). The use of the word nigger so loosely by Marlow and other people in the book was an accepted thing during the time the book took place. Nigger has always been a racist word and because Conrad writes with this word, he is racist. Conrad’s racist writing makes the native people look ignorant. "I pulled the string of the whistle, and I did this because I saw the pilgrims on the deck getting out their rifles with an air of anticipating a jolly lark. At the sudden screech there was a movement of abject terror through that wedged mass of bodies." (Conrad 66) In this particular portion of the book Conrad blew the steam whistle to scare away the foolish natives. Conrad, in his writing, displays an attitude that the native people were niggers and were not smart people. In writing about this, he is uneducated about cultural differences. He does not know and understand the African people so he calls them niggers... ... teach them, as it were." (Conrad 42) To say the natives had no understanding of time is dehumanizing. Even the most primitive cultures had some sense of time. Weather it simply knowing that when the sun goes down and then comes up, a new day starts. Conrad displayed the natives as things that spoke a primitive language and were not intelligent. Writing about this is extremely racist and offensive. As you push further up river, things emerge from the dense jungle only feet from your boat. The "fool-nigger" driving the boat gets scared and starts shooting. The rest of the ships crew shoots aimlessly into the bush. Joseph Conrad was a racist person. He makes the native African people look like brainless things that should be used as pawns of the European society. Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. W.W. Norton and Company: New York. 1988. Prejudice and Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Essay -- HOD Joseph Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness  Ã‚   Imagine floating up the dark waters of the Congo River in the Heart of Africa. The calmness of the water and the dense fog make the hairs stand up on the back of your neck as you wonder if the steamboats crew will eat you as you sleep. These things occur in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Although the book is undeniably racist, was the author, Joseph Conrad, racist? Conrad was racist because he uses racial slurs, the slavery and unfair treatment of the native Africans in his book. The use of racist language is very prevalent in Heart of Darkness. Conrad, through Marlow, the main character, uses the word nigger when talking about native Africans on many occasions. "The fool-nigger had dropped everything to throw the shutter open and let off that Martini-Henry" (Conrad 46). The use of the word nigger so loosely by Marlow and other people in the book was an accepted thing during the time the book took place. Nigger has always been a racist word and because Conrad writes with this word, he is racist. Conrad’s racist writing makes the native people look ignorant. "I pulled the string of the whistle, and I did this because I saw the pilgrims on the deck getting out their rifles with an air of anticipating a jolly lark. At the sudden screech there was a movement of abject terror through that wedged mass of bodies." (Conrad 66) In this particular portion of the book Conrad blew the steam whistle to scare away the foolish natives. Conrad, in his writing, displays an attitude that the native people were niggers and were not smart people. In writing about this, he is uneducated about cultural differences. He does not know and understand the African people so he calls them niggers... ... teach them, as it were." (Conrad 42) To say the natives had no understanding of time is dehumanizing. Even the most primitive cultures had some sense of time. Weather it simply knowing that when the sun goes down and then comes up, a new day starts. Conrad displayed the natives as things that spoke a primitive language and were not intelligent. Writing about this is extremely racist and offensive. As you push further up river, things emerge from the dense jungle only feet from your boat. The "fool-nigger" driving the boat gets scared and starts shooting. The rest of the ships crew shoots aimlessly into the bush. Joseph Conrad was a racist person. He makes the native African people look like brainless things that should be used as pawns of the European society. Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. W.W. Norton and Company: New York. 1988.