The Theory Of The Philosophy Of Education Essay - 1538 Words

Teaching Philosophy Emily E. Blackwell Athens State University Abstract Idealism, thought to be the creation of Greek philosopher, Plato, is the approach that teachers use to get students to ask and answer questions in order to reach the next level of education. The teacher will typically use a variety of inquiry based learning tactics. This school of thought is used to develop each students’ individual abilities and moral character. The idealist feels that with the development of moral character in addition to personal reflection, wisdom is gained. Teachers who follow this philosophy generally see themselves as a role model for his or her students to strive to emulate. This teaching method is typically implemented to focus on developing ideas through lecture, discussion, and Socratic dialogue. Students can be assessed using a number of methods including, but not limited to quizzes, testing, research projects experiments, and individual or group inquiries. Additionally, this philosophy is used to encourage students to discover their individual tru ths. Introduction The philosophy of education is the philosophical ideas on the essence, goals, and complications of education. The philosophy of education is both reflective in nature and rooted in educational practice. Engaging in philosophy helps teachers to clarify what they do or intend to do in regards to classroom management, lesson planning, time management, and discipline. (Seigel, 2015) Implementing a particularShow MoreRelatedThe Philosophy Of Education Is Closely Modeled By Jerome Bruner s Constructivism Theory980 Words   |  4 PagesMy philosophy of education is closely modeled by Jerome Bruner’s Constructivism theory. Constructivism theory allows students to choose and convert information, and build hypothesis before making decisions (Bruner, 1960). The model focuses on the construction of learning. Students will pull knowledge created from individual experiences, past knowledge, and values. Personally this gives me the opportunity to encourage students with challenges through l earning, discover, and values at the student’sRead MoreWhat Theory Of Education Guide Your Personal Philosophy As A Nurse Educator? Why?796 Words   |  4 PagesWhat theory of nursing education and/or other theory of education guide your personal philosophy as a nurse educator? Why? Theory of nursing is believed that information provides students with the opportunity to build a range of powerful examples that gained from experience. The literature showed that there is a clear gap between what is taught in the classroom and what the student nurses experience in the clinical area (Saifan, A., AbuRuz, M. E., Masa deh, R., 2015). Some people call holisticRead MoreReflective Journal of What I have Learned in Class738 Words   |  3 PagesRousseau to education. 2. Changing Education Paradigms by Ken Robinson †¢ Public education- for economic growth and cultural identity †¢ Creativity †¢ Divergent thinking †¢ Aesthetic and anesthetic experience †¢ ADHA (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) Ken Robinson discussed public education as a medium of developing students for cultural identity and economic growth. He gives importance to creativity and divergent thinking in the education system. He says: â€Å"We have a system of education thatRead More Philosophical And Ideological Perspectives In Education Essay examples784 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophical And Ideological Perspectives In Education Introduction The Second Edition of Philosophical and Ideological Perspectives in Education continue to examine the major schools of philosophy of education through the systems approach. It also considers the relationship of education to major ideologies such as Liberalism, Conservativism, and Marxism. It analyzes the impact of philosophy and ideology on educational theory and practice by examining such theories as Essentialism, Perennialism, ProgressivismRead MoreEducational Philosophy Reflection1539 Words   |  7 Pageswriting notes on the board. This is the type of education that I experience until I graduated high school. When I decided to go into teaching it was an easy decision for me to want to not provide this type of experience to my students. Early in the education prog ram, Bud Stefanski posed us the question about our educational philosophy in the Foundations of Education class. When answering that question, I was 100% progressivism in my education philosophy students should only learn through hands-onRead MoreThe Theory Of Goal Attainment By Imogene King895 Words   |  4 PagesNursing/Nursing Practice: Theory: No specific theory was identified on the public web page, However, there is a milieu of research and frameworks that are published that have been utilized by the Banner Health System as a whole. For example, the theory of goal attainment by Imogene King is one of the theories used by the nursing staff and is evident in bedside reporting (Anderson Mangino, 2006). However, as stated in the philosophy, the art and science of nursing is demonstrated by compassionRead MoreThe Teacher Centered Philosophies Of Education1098 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as math and science, writing and also reading. Teacher-centered philosophies of education require that children are educated using certain methods put into action by their teacher, as opposed to student-centered philosophies. Teaching methods are formed according to the needs and learning styles of individual students. Teacher-centered philosophies force the student to adjust to the teacher; with student-centered philosophies, the tea cher adjusts to the student. An essentialist curriculum is structuredRead MoreEssay on My Philosophy of Education1206 Words   |  5 Pageswe all struggle with philosophy and where to go from there once we decide what our set of beliefs are. Once we put our philosophy in place, we then struggle with changing our philosophy. I believe that philosophies can be always changing any given situation and in order for growth as an educator we have to be aware of the situations that can change our philosophy, as well as being true to our core beliefs. However, in order for this to happen we must understand what philosophy is, and what it is notRead MoreHistory of Education and Philosophy of Nurse Education1416 Words   |  6 PagesHistory and Philosophy of Nurse Education Amy Allin Capella University Abstract Each educator brings to the academic arena their own personal nursing philosophy that is based on experience and is historic in nature. By studying the history of nursing, the educator is able to guide the student through their education process. As an educator the nurse becomes an extension of one’s own personal philosophy. Nursing theory serves as the foundation on which to develop a personal philosophy and characterizesRead MoreAdult Learning Theory: Andragogy Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesAdult Learning Theory: Andragogy The dispute of how adults learn is an ever developing subject matter since the 1920’s when adult learning became a professional field of practice (Merriam, S., 2001). Questions such as, do adults learn differently from children? Are adults able to learn quicker, independently, or in the same environment? These are just some examples of a multitude of questions that have been raised since scientists began investigating Adult Learning. I intend to clarify some

The Societal Influences on the Educational Impact of Students

The societal influences on the educational impact of students are numerous. Two of the most important are income inequality and technology Income inequality and the effects on education have been at the heart of a contentious debate. As researcher Sean Reardon of Stanford University, explained recently in The New York Times: â€Å"We have moved from a society in the 1950s and 1960s, in which race was more consequential than family income, to one today in which family income appears more determinative of educational success than race† (Tavernise, 2012, para 4). The effects of income inequality are wide and equally disparaging. Income equality has numerous influences on society, particularly educational attainment. Education is considered an equalizer in society, capable of improving the chance for success for disadvantage students (Tavernise, 2012). The rising income inequality has been paralleled by a similar increase in academic achievement gradient. Research indicates that students from families that fall below the poverty line have a decreased chance of achieving educational attainment. The aforementioned is troubling since educational attainment is one of the mechanisms for absconding poverty (Reardon, 2011). More than one in five U.S. children live in poverty, the rate is remarkably higher for Black and Hispanic children raised in a single parent household (UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2012). Students from affluent families tend to excel academically as compared toShow MoreRelatedDraft Of Personal Philosophy Statement1268 Words   |  6 Pageswith open arms, accept, affirm, and celebrate all students by creating an environment that is equal and inclusive for all people regardless of their race, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, cultural background, religion, family structure, economic status, learning ability, linguistic ability, and/or learning style. I will create an environment that includes positive, challenging experiences that will give each individual a positive educational experience free of barriers with the knowledge thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Karen Hos Biographies Of Hegemony1699 Words   |  7 PagesKaren Ho, in â€Å"Biographies of Hegemony† explains how investment bankers, the high forces on Wall Street, influence undergraduates while negatively contributing to societal norms. In â€Å"The Mega-Marketing of Depression in Japan,â⠂¬  Ethan Watters illustrates and explains how the Western conception of an illness has been deliberately exported to Japan. In both of these texts, there is a clear overlap between the themes of cultural narratives and personal choices. Cultural narratives in a given society helpRead MoreSociology as a Perspective 1332 Words   |  6 Pages(Micionis and Plummer 2008:10). This essay supports this statement by analysing and discussing the significance of sociological perspective in our everyday lives. According to Peter L. Berger sociological perspective is described as the link between societal events and an individual’s life. Sociological perspective relates to sociological imagination, which was coined by C Wright Mills to illustrate the type of insight brought by the field of sociology (Isaksen undated). These concepts enlighten people’sRead MoreEducation Loan Debt Impact On Graduates Lifestyle, Income, Career Satisfaction1253 Words   |  6 Pagesloan debt impa ct on graduates’ lifestyle, income, career satisfaction II. Introduction The return on investment for a college degree has grown however the cost of higher education has increased at faster rate. The growth in tuition and fees has led to an increased need for students to take on educational loans to fill in the funding gap; federal loans now make up 45% of student aid packages (Baum O’Malley, 2003). Educational loan debt has transitioned from an individual problem to a societal one. Read MoreNegative Attitudes Toward The Homeless Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pageswhether or not the negative attitudes toward the homeless can be changed? Christina Wisehart, Mark Whatley, and Deborah Briihl decided to study this by conducting an experiment that was measured, at the end, by survey. The recruited ninety-seven students from two undergraduate psychology courses at Valdosta State University. Once they arrived at the experiments location, no other information was told except where to meet, they were each given a packet that was labeled with an even or odd number.Read MoreEugenics And Its Impact On Society884 Words   |  4 Pages(Spring, 2014, p. 83). Society and schools are closely interdependent. Changes within society cause a need for modifications within the school system. Similarly, alterations within the school system impact society. Previous sociological, historical, and reform movements resulted in drastic educational and societal changes. These movements varied from the common school reform to the attempt â€Å"to control the spread of â€Å"inferior blood† into the general population† (Stoskopf, 19 99, p. 1). This idea of controllingRead MoreThe Future And Becoming Agents Of Social Change Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagespast to preparing students for the future and becoming agents of social change. I believe that the purpose of education should be to guide and assist the development of students to serve others and to become active members of the community in which they live. This purpose aligns well with Christian educators in both private and public schools. Christian educators in private Christian schools can further refine the purpose statement to be to assist in the development of students to become more likeRead MoreA Study On The Education Of The Middle Australian Education Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesReading has long been associated with good citizenship, in particular, the evolution from child to citizen where a relationship is established through the medium of print for an appreciation and connection to societal domains such as law, nation, and government (Weikle-Mills 2008). It is thereby no stretch to extend responsibility for learning to read to the jurisdiction of the parent. In early 2016 the Western Australian Education Minister Peter Collier overtly implored parents to ensure theirRead MoreThe Educational Field For Various Reasons Essay1703 Words   |  7 Pagesbeneficial for the educational field for various reasons. First, each individual works in a particular field to fulfill a personal sense of fulfillment. Teachers especially must have desire and job satisfaction since the educational system, as a whole does not offer great monetary or societal achievement. According to Bandura (1997) a teacher who has a strong belief in her or his teacher efficacy, the degree to which teachers feel that their own efforts determine the success of students, is more likelyRead MoreFormal Learning And Informal Learning Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pagesrules and regulations on how the running takes place. Various tests are set to help in gauging whether the student is ready for the next learning sequence or not. Institutions therefore has a bigger influence on formal learning and development of these students. On the account of the informal learning, this takes place within our social context. This form of learning is based on the societal norms and beliefs of various communities across the world. The teaching of the culture and norms that any society

Because I could not stop for death Free Essays

â€Å"Because I could not stop for death† Emily Dickinson reveals about accepting death as a next chapter of her life. In Verse 1 and 2 she describes herself as a bride and death as her spouse. Welcome death as her partner in the eternal life. We will write a custom essay sample on Because I could not stop for death or any similar topic only for you Order Now She embraces it with open arms that death is no more frightening into her. It also indicated in the 1st verse about her burial march. Dickinson created the poem showing three stages in her life time. In her 3rd verse, the school represents her childhood. The fields of gazing grain represent her maturity towards life. And the Setting Sun represent her old age preparing for her death. Another explanation to this verse is describing her burial march passing to â€Å"the school†, â€Å"the fields† and her last sentence â€Å"Setting Sun† can be the time of her burial. In her 4th verse, she talks about her burial dress. The definition of her garments are more appropriate for a wedding that a funeral dress. Her dress is formal that the author knows her death. She prepared her dress like she is marrying death. It’s like a beginning but an end of life. In her Final moment she talk in her 5th verse of a house the represents her grave were her body lay in the solid ground. The author feels comfortable to pass away that in her heart, it’s a peaceful death. The author also talks about a â€Å"house† that represents her grave that she describes a grave as a home for eternity. The last verse, Dickinson talks about the â€Å"Centuries† which means that even century bypass she is happy in her death no worries and no more loneliness to feel. This describe that her dead body will be in earth for eternity. Emily Dickinson’s poem at first you will ask is this person is death? How did she write her own death? It is an amazing poem that she predicted her death. She embraces death with no fear and tears. She defines her death as another stage of cycle of life. In another point of view she was confident about her fate. She also defines death as her partner to the next stage of her life. In our days, this poem gives us a lesson that we have to appreciate death what ever happen because death will not wait for us. Most of us don’t expect our death or thinking our own death but this amazing poem gives an idea to accept what ever faith we may have. We don’t need to be scared but gives opportunity to be grateful for life and death. We maybe living for today but death will be the next chapter of our life. So take time to think for yourself and appreciate everything in your life so like Emily Dickinson we can accept our death. How to cite Because I could not stop for death, Papers

Immunity and Disease Campylobacter Infections- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theImmunity and Diseasefor Campylobacter Jejuni Infections. Answer: Campylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic pathogenic bacterium that is a causative organism for gastroenteritis in humans which is called campylobacteriosis. Infections caused by Campylobacter are more common than those caused by other pathogens, such as Salmonella, Shigella or Escherichia coli O157:H7. Consumption of undercooked poultry and handling of uncooked chicken causes most of the infections. Although the organism does not cause infection in chicken, it inhabits the intestine (Wigley, 2013). Contaminated drinking water and raw milk from infected cattle could also cause infection(Humphrey, 1987). Chopping of vegetables on surfaces contaminated by poultry can increase the risk of food borne infection if the vegetables are served raw or partially cooked. Symptoms of an infection include fever, abdominal cramps and diarrhoea and diagnosis is usually done by culturing stool samples of patients. Presence of mucus and blood in the stools is common. Antibiotic resistant Campylobacter strain s are difficult to treat(Acheson Allos, 2001). The infection by Campylobacter jejuni causes inflammation of the intestinal surfaces and this leads to malabsorption of nutrients. C. jejuni is also known to cause autoimmune disorders Guillain-Barre syndrome and the Miller-Fisher syndrome. Other than gastroenteritis, the organism is associated with inflammatory bowel syndrome, colon cancer and Barrett's oesophagus. Other than the gastrointestinal system, it can cause infections in the lung, the pathogen has been known to cause brain abscess, bacteremia, meningitis and arthritis (Kaakoush, et al., 2015). The infection is known to occur more commonly in infants and children blow the age of five years and among young adults. A higher number of cases has been reported from North America, Australia and Europe. The problem of gastroenteritis is common in the developing countries. When infection by Campylobacter jejuni occurs, the immune system is able to recognize the pathogen as non-self and launches an immune response against the organism. The human innate has evolved in such a manner that it can recognize invading pathogens. It has to overcome the stealth mechanisms that the pathogen in capable of when it evades detection by the host's immune system The sentinel cells of the mucosal epithelium of the intestine are able to recognize bacteria by their pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The bile acids that include the cholates and the deoxycholates have a detergent like action and can kill bacteria. In the human intestine the concentration of the bile acids ranges from 0.2%-2% (Fonseca, et al., 2016). Another level of protection from infection is provided by the mucus gel layer that coats the intestinal epidermis. It is made up of the mucin proteins or the MUCs (Hollingsworth Swanson, 2004). The MUCs play an important role in immune surveillance. The mucins associated with the membrane, example, MUC1 and the secreted mucins MUC2 re proteins with domains that are arrays of tandem repeats and re rich in the amino acids threonine, serine and proline, the PTS domains. These domains are glycosylated. It has been found that inappropriate expression of MUC1 can predispose human beings to inflammatory and infectious diseases (Sheng, et al., 2013). MUC1 is overexpressed in case of C. jejuni infection of the intestine. It promotes anti-inflammatory effect against the bacteria by reducing the activation of NF-B and decrease in IL-8 cytokine production(Fonseca, et al., 2016). When MUC1 expression is less the surface expression on antigen presenting cells (APCs) of CD40, CD80 and CD86 increases. This results in a higher secretion of TNF- and a greater stimulation of CD4+ T cells results. Lack of MUC2 causes increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines occurs, these include, IL-1, TNF- and INF-. Local inflammation protects against C. jejuni infection (Fonseca, et al., 2016). The adaptive immune response against Campylobacter jejuni is multipronged. Phagocytosis is preceded by the recognition of bacterial antigens through the pattern recognition receptors. The processing of antigens occurs via the lysosomal pathway, where the lysosomal enzymes degrade antigens. The Major Histocompatibity Complex presents the epitopes and epitope recognition occurs through the t cell receptors on CD4+ while the MHC is recognised by the CD8+. Recognition of the soluble antigens when present is mediated by the B cell receptors. The secretion of the antibody isotypes follows and complement activation by antibodies also occurs. The opsonization of the bacteria by antibodies is followed by phagocytosis. Interferon-gamma activates the macrophages and lymphocytes. The antigen presenting cells produce the cytokine IL-12 which in turn induces interferon-gamma by the T helper cells. Among the strategies that Campylobacter jejuni uses to evade the killing effect of the immune response is the presence of a lipopolysaccharide capsule, which is not a regular feature of other enteric pathogens. The capsule helps to evade the non-specific action of lysozyme, complement, phagocytes and other constituents of the serum through which the serum can kill the bacteria. Specific components of the serum that include antibodies and lymphocytes can also lyse or kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria once contact is made with the pathogen. The presence of the LPS capsule also facilitates the colonization of C. jejuni in the mouse intestine(Mauea, et al., 2013). The epithelial cells separate the interstitium of the body from the lumen of the intestine. The paracellular spaces remain sealed by the tight junctions that consist of occludins and claudins, the transmembrane proteins. Even a minor change n the structure of the occludins facilitates the entry of C. jejuni to t he inner reaches and cause infection (Clayburgh, et al., 2004). Interleukins IL-23p19, IL-22 and IL-18 have important functions in conferring the host with immunity. It has been found in the murine model that upon C. jejuni infection, there is an upregulation of these interleukins. In the intestine the IL-23 is understood to play the role of a master regulator in the development of a mucosal immune response in the event of intestinal infection that is followed by inflammation. IL-22 is part of the IL-10 family of interleukins and it exerts a three pronged effect, it has potent anti-microbial activity, is tissue-protective and has inflammatory properties. In the large intestine, the IL-22 exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, while in the small intestine it acts a pro-inflammatory cytokine. In a study on the impact of the IL-23, IL-22 and IL-18 axis upon C. jejuni infection, it was seen that IL-18 mediates intestinal and systemic immune responses (Bereswill, et al., 2016). Due to the intestinal immune response there is production of IL 17 by the CD4+ cells in the intestine. The production of this interleukin has been shown to reduce the colonisation of the intestine by C. jejuni. But the absence of the capsule in mutant C. jejuni makes the action of the IL 17 more potent and the size of the colony is reduced. The T helper 17 response has an important role in maintaining gut homeostasis besides initiating protective immune response against intestinal pathogens (Mauea, et al., 2013). The Th17 mediates the response to pathogens through innate immunity, which is non-specific and not in response to a particular antigen and through adaptive immunity which includes the B-cell mediated antibody response and the cell mediated response that is due to the function of the T lymphocytes. The innate Th17 response is due to the filamentous bacteria that colonize the gut and are a part of the symbiotic gut microbiota. The innate Th17 response occurs quickly under the effect of the cytokines, but the adaptive response may take a few days to a few weeks to take effect. IL-17 and IL-22 are the cytokines that bring on the quick innate response and are in turn expressed due to the upstream cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and IL-23. IL-17 is known to bring about induction of inflammation and through recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection in the intestine. Whereas, IL-22 induces cells of the intestinal epithelium to produce antibacterial molecules. In a study on the cells cultured from a colon biopsy, cocultured with C. jejuni that was treated to IL-17, it was found that the ability of the pathogen to invade the epithelial cells was reduced(Edwards LA, et al., 2010). The cytokine production is downregulated when pathogenic strains are devoid of their usual capsules. Probably the capsules play a role in eliciting a stronger innate immune response. The Toll-like receptor 4 is a transmembrane receptor that belongs to the pattern recognition receptor family. In response to recognition of molecular patterns on the capsules of pathogenic bacteria it activates the innate immune response through the NF-B signalling and stimulates the release of cytokines that induce inflammation(Molteni, et al., 2016). The Toll-like receptor 4 is a mediator of the pro-inflammatory response. It has been shown to be active against the capsular lipopolysaccharide of the C. jejuni. The capsule also resists the action of the complement system and prevents puncturing of the cell wall (Mauea, et al., 2013). The MeOPN or the O-methyl phosphoramidate capsule modification in the C. jejuni capsule is present in most pathogenic strains of the bacterium.A mutant which lacked MeOPN in its capsule was susceptible to killing by the complement system and human serum (van Alphen, et al., 2014). These and other features that are characteristic of the surface of the pathogen help it to circumvent and evade the immune response of the human body and in particular the intestinal micro - environment, colonize and infect the human intestine. The role of C. jejuni in development of autoimmune disorders has also been investigated. This organism is known to produce glycoconjugates. These include the human ganglioside kind of determinants and activators of the TLRs (the Toll-like receptors). Autoimmune induction is preceded by IL-1 secretion that is dependent on inflammasome or the MyD88-mediated TLR activation. C. jejuni does target MyD88, NLRP3 inflammasome, sialic-acid binding immunoglobulin like lectins (Siglecs) and the macrophage galactose type lectin besides the immunoglobulin like receptors, the TREM2 and the LMIR5CD300b. TIR-domain containing adaptor inducing interferon- or the TRIF is known to mediate the type I interferon production that triggers the humoral immune response and the class switching of immunoglobulins. Upon activation the Siglec-1 activates the inflammatory response and phagocytosis. TREM2 also plays a role in phagocytosis. When autoreactive lymphocytes are present and C. jejuni activates the innate immune response, autoimmune diseases may be triggered (Phonqsisay, 2016). In conclusion, the pathogenic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne pathogen that infects the intestinal wall and can cause symptoms such as, fever, diarrhoea and there could be traces of blood or mucus in the stools. The foods that can cause infection are improperly cooked poultry, raw milk and handling of raw meat. The organism is microaerophilic and it can infect the intestinal wall. The human body's immune system can identify and kill the infectious pathogen. Both innate and adaptive immunity play a role in eliminating the pathogen. But Campylobacter jejuni can evade the immune response using a host of mechanisms. Principal among the evasive tools that it employs is the presence of the lipopolysaccharide capsule. Autoimmune disorders such as Guillain-Barre syndrome and the Miller-Fisher syndrome can occur weeks after the symptoms of the infection have subsided. References Acheson, D. Allos, B., 2001. Campylobacter jejuni Infections: Update on Emerging Issues and Trends. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 32(8), pp. 1201-1206. Bereswill, S. et al., 2016. Interleukin-18 Mediates Immune Responses to Campylobacter jejuni Infection in Gnotobiotic Mice. PLoS ONE, 11(6), p. e0158020. Clayburgh, D., Shen, L. Turner, J., 2004. A porous defense: the leaky epithelial barrier in intestinal disease.. Laboratory investigation , 84(3), pp. 282-91.. Edwards LA, N. K. M. D. S. H. Z. M. W. B. D. N. L. K., Wedderburn, L. Bajaj-Elliott, M., 2010. 2010. Delineation of the innate and adaptive T-cell immune outcome in the human host in response to Campylobacter jejuni infection.. PLoS ONE, Volume 5, p. e15398.. Fonseca, B., Fernandez, H. Rossi, D., 2016. Campylobacter spp. and Related Organisms in Poultry: Pathogen-Host Interactions, Diagnosis and Epidemiology. s.l.:Springer. Hollingsworth, M. Swanson, B., 2004. Mucins in cancer: protection and control of the cell surface. Nature Reviews Cancer, Volume 4, pp. 45-60. Humphrey, T., 1987. Campylobacterjejuni in dairy cows and raw milk. Epidemiology and infection, Volume 98, pp. 263-269. Kaakoush, N. O., Castao-Rodrguez, N., Mitchell, H. M. Man, S. M., 2015. Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection.. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 28 (3), p. 687720. Mauea, A. et al., 2013. The Polysaccharide Capsule of Campylobacter jejuni Modulates the Host Immune Response. Infection and Immunity, 81(3), pp. 665-672. Molteni, M., Gemma, S. Rossetti, C., 2016. The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Infectious and Noninfectious Inflammation. Mediators of Inflammation, p. 6978936. Phonqsisay, V., 2016. The immunobiology of Campylobacter jejuni: Innate immunity and autoimmune diseases.. Immunobiology, 221(4), pp. 535-43. Sheng, Y. et al., 2013. MUC1 and MUC13 differentially regulate epithelial inflammation in response to inflammatory and infectious stimuli.. Mucosal Immunology, 6(3), pp. 557-68. van Alphen, L. et al., 2014. Biological roles of the O-methyl phosphoramidate capsule modification in Campylobacter jejuni.. PLoS ONE, 9(1), p. e87051. Wigley, P., 2013. Immunity to bacterial infection in the chicken.. Developmental and comparative immunology, 41(3), pp. 413-7. .

-By Zachary Anderson Essays - English-language Films,

-By Zachary Anderson ..."In one part of our being, a thousand years. By the animal instinct that is awakened in is we are led and protected. It is not conscious; it is far quicker, much more sure, less fallible, than consciousness. One cannot explain it"(56). On the battlefield of any war, past or present one would think any soldier had felt that sense of survival at one point or another. This could be named impulse acted on by fear, nervousness, or as the quote defined it, instinct in violence. The very descriptive violence in the book is one of the large clues that tell us Erich Maria Remarque, the author, is telling us some of the events he had to go through when he served in the war. Other wise it would have been another boring war novel of which classes could be spared the time. These points in the novel All Quiet on the Western Front, can be greatly explained and identified. When confronted with his survival, this instinct can drive a man to do anything for survival, even turn his senses and behavi or into a wilder state of human evolution. One of the strongest themes in the book is that war makes man inhuman when confronted by violence and, or in war. From the author's point of view soldiers were often compared to various non-living objects, that were inhuman. "The soldiers are often compared to coins of different provinces that are melted down, and now they bear the same stamp."(236) Remarque thinks that the soldier's mind-state has been changed from when they were schoolboys, the stamp being the mark of the soldier, changing them forever. Also soldiers are compared with "automatons" or more commonly referred to as robots. In reminder of all soldiers of either side had to go through and witness without the traumatizing violence and gore one would not have much understood this point. To a country or at least in charge, the soldiers are no more than this: inanimate devices of war or pawns. Remarque uses this analogy to give the impression that the soldiers are enduring the same feeling over and over again, as if they were inhuman. In this classic war story Remarque also describes the soldiers as inhuman wild beasts in addition to the non-living objects. Paul states that when soldiers reach the zone where the front begins they are transformed into "instant human animals"(56) Remarque explains the zone is like a magical line; once crossed the soldiers are not the same person(s) as they were in a safe distance. Experiencing violence on the front trapped in a crater of a shell, though protected by it, Paul Baumer feels such desperation. "My eyes burn with staring into the dark. A star shell goes up;-I duck down again. I wage a wild and senseless fight. I want to get out of the hollow an yet slide back into it again; I say " you must, it is your comrades, it is not an idiotic command" and again " what dies it matter to me, I have only one life to loose."(211) This could mea n even then though acting as some beast for survival he too has scrummed to the belief he is just another pawn. As nothing more than wild beasts Remarque states that the German soldiers are only defending what they have, not attempting to take what they don't "We have become wild beasts. We do not fight, we defend ourselves against annihilation...we feel a mad anger. "No longer do we lie helpless, waiting on the scaffold, we can destroy and kill to save ourselves, to save ourselves and to be revenged."(113) This could be explaining that any emotion they are fighting out of at this point is from aggravation and for their own survival, and no other situation other than that of war and violence could bring this about. The sense of fighting for the glory of the FatherLand has long since gone. These points have highlighted when confronted with their survival and the presence of survival even if it means changing his human nature. A second point is they can be as dolls, or coins that bare the same stamp, almost as war currency. Though all

Customer Needs And Expectations Tourism Essay Example

Customer Needs And Expectations Tourism Essay Example Customer Needs And Expectations Tourism Essay Customer Needs And Expectations Tourism Essay Lists of different topographic points with different monetary values whether it is inexpensive or expensive or either it has a hotel or auto bundle for the clients flights. It helps the clients to take what they truly like or what they can afford. British Airways did this because they knew that people have different gustatory sensation, different demands and position in life. *British Airways achieved their clients outlooks and demands by functioning the chief outlooks and demands of their clients. E.g. they gave you an chance to book a flight ; take from their list of different topographic points with different monetary values ; you can alter your engagement and etc. They EXCEED their clients outlooks and demands by making things like: BA on your nomadic -The British Airways app gives you all the information you need about your following flight in the thenar of your hand- you can look into in for flights ; download and usage nomadic embarkation base on ballss ; see the latest reaching and going information ; see upgrade offers for future flights ; track any British Air passages flight and Book a new flight by merely utilizing your phone. Mobile get oning base on balls All British Airways clients can now download a embarkation base on balls on their phone, within 24 hours of flight going. There is no demand to publish it as all the inside informations are in the nomadic embarkation base on balls. The barcode is scanned as you move through the airdrome. With their nomadic embarkation base on balls, you will be able to hive away your get oning base on balls in your clear security ; entree British Airways sofas and board the aircraft *British Airways exceed the clients outlooks and demands by giving their clients an easy manner to entree some informations about British Air passages like they can book a new flight by merely utilizing their phone plus they can now download a embarkation base on balls on their phone which is convenient for their clients. That was besides alone for the clients because non all of the air hoses have that sort of client service. Information at the airdrome -London Heathrow, London Gatwick, London City and other airdromes Making a smooth pickup They know how busy any airdrome can be so they give a few pieces of information that could assist ease the experience for their clients. Information that include: Where you can happen their sofas Whether you want to catch up on work before you travel, enjoy a bite or merely unwind, you ll happen an country in one of their sofas to loosen up off from the busy airdrome environment with Wireless broadband provided by Spectrum Interactive is free in all British Airways UK lounges. Safety and security Checking-In They ve made checking in fast and easy so you can pass more clip making what you want to make. -Mobile check-in . You can look into in whilst traveling to the airdrome, or take seats for tomorrow s flight place without go forthing the beach by merely utilizing your phone. *They exceed client service by stating to their clients where can they see the sofas which is convenient for their client because it can besides let them to surf cyberspace and eat while waiting for their flight. It is utile particularly for the concern men/women and to the people hotfooting merely to travel to the airdrome so they can make their work by non merely blowing clip waiting for their flight and they can eat particularly for the people who rushed to travel to the airdrome that do nt hold clip to eat. For their airdromes and other airdromes Terminals Check-in installations at the airdrome Bag bead desks Terminal map Flight connexions Transport links *They exceed their client service by giving informations like where are their terminuss cheques in installations, bag bead desks and terminal map which is truly helpful for their clients because sometimes clients got lost at the airdrome because they do nt cognize where they would travel. In add-on, normally alternatively of merely waiting for their flights clients were still looking for their finishs at the airdrome to look into in so it was an transcending client service and need particularly when they besides gave informations on some airdromes where clients over halt. On Board Children s activities on board They understand that maintaining your kids happy will play a big portion in doing your flight as relaxing and gratifying as possible. They have a figure of activities designed to maintain them entertained whilst winging with them. *They exceed their client service by assisting the parents of the kids to do their kids happy that truly helps the parents to merely loosen up and bask their flights without holding some concerns that their kids might acquire bored and irritated because normally kids cried and got irritated during the flight that can do an unpleasant experience for the parents. It was besides an unusual client service. In-flight repasts All of their repasts are carefully created by taking chefs, and wherever they can they integrate seasonal green goods in their dishes to guarantee they use the freshest ingredients with the fullest spirit. Particular and medical repasts If you have particular dietetic demands, you can allow them cognize in progress and they will supply you with a suited repast. You can bespeak a particular or medical repast through Manage My Booking. Traveling with nutrient allergic reactions They re passionate about their nutrient and work hard to guarantee the repasts you enjoy with them are prepared to the highest criterion and with the finest ingredients. That includes supplying a broad scope of particular repast options to provide for many nutrient sensitivenesss and clear labelling of all their repasts. *They exceed their client service by automatically giving the client a special/dietary nutrient that entree nutrients that they require. This exceeds the clients outlooks as the client demands have been met without the client requesting or holding to inquire as the proactive thought of the staff have already acted on the clients demands before they have needed to inquire or they can besides inquire you what are your dietetic nutrients or nutrients that are non allowed for you. Travel Preparation Disability aid To assist us supply you with the necessary service for your demands delight allow us cognize how we can assist you -Mobility aid at the airdrome and in-flight -Mobility aid provided at the airdrome Visually impaired riders If you are visually impaired, they can offer: An bodyguard to and from the aircraft. Individual safety briefings and aid during the flight. Hearing impaired riders If you are hearing impaired, they can offer: An bodyguard to and from the aircraft. Separate briefings about safety processs. Subtitles on the English version of the in-flight safety picture. Initiation cringle installations are available at most airdromes and on board through their in-flight earphones. Earphones compatible with standard hearing AIDSs switched to the T place. Transporting your pet When you want to transport your pet, you can rest assured that they will take the really best attention of them. Pets must be booked to go with British Airways World Cargo, and they will be carried in the aircraft clasp. -Travelling with a Guide/Assistance Dog They will do particular agreements for your Guide/Assistance Dog, to guarantee they are able to go with you in the aircraft cabin. Certified Assistance Dogs for blind, deaf or handicapped riders travel free of charge in the aircraft cabin on most flights from the UK ; and provided Canis familiariss are compliant with the Pet Travel Scheme, on all British Airways paths approved by DEFRA to the UK. *Automatically booking the clients that have disablements into a suit that has entree installations that they require. This exceeds the clients outlooks as the client demands have been met without the client bespeaking any aid or holding to inquire as the proactive thought of the staff have already acted on the clients demands before they have needed to inquire. They can besides make that for the clients pets like dog/ cat. Flying with assurance The UK s most experient fright of winging class. Is fear of winging keeping you back? They can assist you The Flying With Confidence classs are run by British Air passages people who want to assist you suppress your fright of winging. Their classs have been running for more than 25 old ages and have helped more than 45,000 people like you. Customer feedback shows that they have a 98 % success rate in assisting people like you to get the better of their fright of winging. -Stop badgering, start winging Their one twenty-four hours class caters for many different demands, whether you have mild anxiousness about winging or are unable to put pes on an aircraft. The classs are run by experient British Airways pilots and crew every bit good as a Clinical Psychologist. At the terminal of the class, you will fall in others in suppressing your fright of winging on a short flight with their squad of experts. *It is an transcending client service because they non merely booking you a flight but they besides assisting you to suppress your fright of winging which is truly helpful. It helps because it makes their client bask their flight without holding a fright particularly for those who has an anxiousness of winging. The good thing is the consequence of their aid impact you throughout your life which truly helps you to bask going without holding a fright. This is non merely a service for them but they besides concern that your fright of winging can impact your work and life particularly for concern men/women because they are more likely to go frequently and for the outgoing people that afraid to go by a plane. Thorpe Park They MEET their clients outlooks and demands by making things like: Full Ride Listing THORPE PARK has so many amazing drives that we have had to lodge them in a large list for your viewing pleasance. Book a Ticket Online/Phone and Book a ticket with Hotel Ticket Deals Opening Timess *They meet their clients outlooks and demands by functioning the chief outlooks and demands of their clients. E.g. they gave you different ticket trades ; expression at the list of their drives ; you can book a ticket with hotel ; look at their gap hours and etc. They EXCEED their clients outlooks and demands by making things like: Park Map *Thorpe park exceed their client service by giving/allowing their clients to publish out a Park Map which help them to cognize the locations of the drives, nutrient and drink stables. It helps the clients to easy happen the drives, lavatories, nutrient and drink stables. Normally, for some amusement Parkss do non give a map of their amusement park that makes a difficult clip for the clients to happen the drives, nutrient and drink stables. Therefore it is an transcending client service that they really giving a park map to the clients without the petition of the clients. Thorpe Park functionary APP THORPE PARK brings you the official iPhone and iPod Touch App. It s jammed full of characteristics to maintain you entertained and informed at the state s Thrill Capital. You can besides catch sole offers like: Park Map Interactive Park map that shows your exact location in relation to the drives, nutrient and retail units, hard currency points, lavatories and lockers†¦all via the iPhone s GPS Ride Information See all the utmost bangs waiting for you on their drives, every bit good as pictures and exposures to truly acquire the epinephrine pumping in expectancy. Offers Exclusive price reductions and publicities to the Park every bit good as at the retail and nutrient units. Park Info Information on THORPE PARK, including: gap times, approaching events and waies to the Park. * Thorpe Park exceed the clients outlooks and demands by giving their clients an easy manner to entree some informations about Thorpe Park like Park Map, drive information, offer and other park info. It truly helps the clients because they can now shop some informations about Thorpe Park by merely utilizing their phone which is truly accessible. Thorpe Park exceeds it by shoping the informations about Thorpe Park by merely utilizing a phone which is truly preferred for their clients. DISABLED GUIDES BEFORE YOU ENTER THE PARK Parking Those keeping a bluish disablement badge are required to pay amp ; lb ; 3 for auto parking. When a invitee displays a bluish disablement badge, they can park in the handicapped country of the auto park, following to the Admissions country on a first semen foremost served footing. Ticket Concessions We offer a concessionary admittance monetary value for handicapped invitees and one attach toing assistant. We will necessitate cogent evidence of entitlement before the concessionary rate is given. Such cogent evidence includes a blue/orange badge, Attendance Allowance book etc. Please note this is for Admission to the Park merely and does non vouch entitlement to a handicapped Ride Access Pass from Guest Services. If you require any aid when buying your tickets, delight make non waver to talk to a staff member in the Admissions country. Guests utilizing wheelchairs who have non pre-booked tickets in progress should utilize the entree incline at the Annual Pass Building to buy tickets for THORPE PARK. When come ining the Park please use the right manus Gatess at the turnstiles which have a wider entree point. Annual Pass Holders with a registered disablement have the option of a free assistant base on balls. Please see ENJOYING YOUR DAY AT THORPE PARK Ride Access Passes Disabled invitees who are unable to line up may be eligible for a Ride Access Pass for themselves and one assistant. The wristband given will let the handicapped individual and the assistant to short-circuit the queuing system normally via the issue or designated entryway designed for easiness of entree. Proof of entitlement will be required before the Ride Access Passes are given. Such proof includes: Documentary grounds in the signifier of a missive from a GP or infirmary adviser, which inside informations grounds that the invitee is unable to line up. Please note this must be seen by THORPE PARK every twelvemonth, and this is different certification to that required for admittance to the Park. In certain state of affairss ( such as utmost conditions conditions, mechanical jobs or power breaks ) it may be necessary for invitees to be evacuated from the drives, perchance from the highest point. We ask that any assistants are a lower limit of 14 old ages old, and physically able to help in the event of an emptying. We can rede but it will ever be up to the single invitee to make up ones mind whether or non they should sit. Ride Safety Several drives are unsuitable for invitees with bosom, back, or cervix conditions, or anticipant female parents and we strongly recommend those invitees who have had recent surgery or an hurt do non sit some of our more Electrifying attractive forces. On many of our drives invitees need to hold the ability to poise themselves in an unsloped place, and all drives require invitees to maintain their weaponries and legs inside the drive passenger cars, and remain seated at all times. Not all of our drives are suited for all invitees. Each drive has a rigorous operating demands that all riders must run into. Please do non inquire our staff to interrupt these regulations as they are at that place for your safety. Equally good as taking note of the drive limitations, we besides strongly suggest that you watch our drives in gesture before doing a determination on whether to sit. Toilet All lavatory locations around the Park have entree for invitees with disablements, and we operate the Nationally recognised RADAR key system to entree them. If you do nt hold your ain key, you can engage one from Guest Services for a A ; lb ; 10 refundable sedimentation. Guest Services Located in the lower degree of the Dome, we are able to offer advice on ride entree and limitations along with offering invitees with disablements several options to do their experience at THORPE PARK both gratifying and comfy. *Thorpe Park automatically recommends the clients that have disablements into a suit that has entree installations that they require. Thorpe Park recommends the one-year base on balls and the wristband that allow them to park in the handicapped country of the auto park and let those who are unable to line up may be qualified for a Ride Access Pass for themselves and one assistant that they may be able to short-circuit the queuing system normally via the issue or designated entryway designed for easiness of entree. In add-on, they tell what drives are suited for them ; all their lavatories have entree for invitees with disablements ; they tell where the handicapped lavatory is and they offering several options for invitees with disablements. This exceeds the clients outlooks as the client demands have been met without the client bespeaking any aid or holding to inquire as the proactive thought of the staff have already acted on the clients demands before they have needed to inquire plus they truly concern about the security and safety of their invitees.

Birth control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Birth control - Essay Example In China’s case, it is the state which advocates, encourages and enforces birth control without any hindrance but in other country such as Philippines, this is strongly opposed to making the issue complicated that it is difficult to determine which is right or wrong. The process of the research was not that difficult because I am already familiar with the state policy of China about birth control being a Chinese descent myself. I already have a working knowledge of the government’s policy about birth control and I only have to supplement it with a peer reviewed journal to validate what is already known to me. These comparisons of two extreme cases of how birth control is perceived only illustrate that there is no absolute perspective that could be taken as universally right about birth control. It is hoped that with the completion of this paper, the reader may be able to accept that the perspective about birth control really depends according to one’s need, cultu re, religion and preference and that there is no universally applicable perspective about it. The complexity of the issue of birth control Birth control is a very complex issue. The arguments and policies that support or negate birth control varies with each state that it is very hard to tell which one is right and which one is wrong. There are states that use birth control deliberately as a tool for economic development and often enforced by the state. This often brings complications on the issue such as what I witnessed with the mother of my high school best friend Li, when she had another baby. Although this should not be a problem with the rest of the world because my best friend’s family can support an additional child, the state does not allow this that she was forced to have an abortion. The complication however is not limited to China. There are also countries that see birth control differently that it is not only frowned upon but even strongly opposed making the issu e of birth control complicated that it is difficult to adopt a one universally accepted perspective about it. We can take two extreme cases as an example to illustrate how complex the issue of birth control is. In China for example, birth control had been taken to the extreme by the state where couples are only allowed to have one child under the â€Å"one child policy† of the government (Muhua and Chen 349). This is implemented under that pretext of socialist development of â€Å"National economic development must observe the law of planned and proportionate development. This law requires not only that the . . . production of material means ... but also that human reproduction develop in a planned way† (Muhua and Chen 350). This means that the population is controlled by the government in accordance to its developmental plan and strictly enforced. In plain language, the government mandates that people in China is allowed to only have one child and beyond that, people will be heavily taxed and the child be deprived of social service. These penalties are strongly enforced enough to become a deterrent among couples in China to have more than one child. I personally have seen how this policy is at work when the mother of my best friend in high school named Li became pregnant that she was forced to have an abortion because the second child was deemed illegal. It may seem that a life will become illegal in China but it is a state policy that having more than one chil

Sustainable energy in norway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sustainable energy in norway - Essay Example Renewable energy forms the basis of sustainable energy which is only trying to meet the energy requirements of the present generation without affecting how future generations will get their energy. In order to embrace sustainable energy, countries should move away from fossil fuels and start developing renewable energy sources. Norway is one country that has been pushing for setting up of renewable energy centers worldwide. Among the renewable energy sources, hydropower contributes the largest percentage of energy. Hydroelectric power provides approximately one- fifth of the total energy consumed in the world (Gonzalez, Aygun & Weidmann, 1). Hydropower will play a crucial role in the sustainable energy development. Norway produces approximately 99% of its electricity from hydropower. This is aided by the abundance of water reservoirs in the country. Norway is endowed with many rivers and the geographical shape of the state favors the production of hydroelectric power. Norway is considered the sixth largest hydroelectric power producer in the world (Gonzalez, 12). Norway is concerned with developing efficient and friendlier ways of harnessing hydroelectric power. . The generational plants are owned by government, local authorities and the private sector. In dry spells the production of hydropower goes down and during rain seasons, Norway is able to export energy produced to other countries. Norway expor ts power to different countries among them Russia, Finland and Sweden. According to Gonzalez et al (2011), renewable energy contributed approximately 13% of the total energy consumed in 2008. Hydropower had a significant contribution. Wind and solar offered a minimal contribution to the total energy supplied. This shows that renewable energy contributed a tiny percentage to the total energy consumed in the world (Gonzalez et al, 4). In the subsequent years, the development of these sources has led to the increase in the percentage of energy

Nursing paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing paper - Assignment Example Based on a SWOT analysis, the strategic position of the healthcare centre can be established. A SWOT analysis looks at the company’s strengths and weaknesses, and opportunities and threats; the internal environment (the company’s strengths and weaknesses) in which the company operates and the external influence (the company’s opportunities and threats) are assessed (Bohm, 2009). In this case, a hospital will be analyzed using SWOT analysis. The strengths and the weaknesses are based on what the hospital can offer best and what it cannot offer best. The opportunities and threats for the hospital come from the external resources, the regulations and partnerships. Considering the strengths of the hospital, it is beyond doubt that patients receive a wide variety of quality services. This is seen in respect of the fact that the hospital staff is keen on complying with the code of ethics, maintains up-to-date records related to patient care and provides the option of applying Medicaid and Medicare to ease the cost of medical care. Maintaining accurate and up-to date records is important in ensuring that all aspects of patient care including billing are properly done. This in effect helps in the avoidance of medical malpractice with its accompanying negative effects, the worst being patient death. The hospital also flourishes in its endeavor to provide quality care in that it has a wide variety of facilities that are useful in screening diseases. The hospital’s emphasis on continuous education also implies that it is keen to ensure that the right treatments methods are applied in caring for patients. These combinations of positive factors have a compounded effect in attracting more patients to the hospital. The hospital needs to maintain and if possible improve on these strengths if it has to continue enjoying its position as a market leader in the provision of nursing care. As noted by many a human

Transition from Highschool to University Essay

Transition from Highschool to University Essay Transition of first year students into the university can be difficult for some students as they are required to adapt into a new environment and learning styles that is different from what they have learned during their previous years in school. This report will provide a discussion about the issues affecting the transition of first year students into university life using the topics discussed in FAP101 and other related texts. There are different issues identified in this report and recommendations have also been provided in order to help students in their first year in university and also to help institutions to help their students adapt into university environments and learning styles.These recommendations are as follows; It is essential for universities to introduce or update orientation programs for students before starting university. Institutions should let the students know about the workloads, the assessment styles and writing conventions during the orientation week. It is also important for the institutions to provide highly trained tutors that can work with students to help them with their problems or uncertainty about the topics in a particular course subject. Some students feel more comfortable when they have more friends that go to the same university as them. Students should be aware of workloads and different styles of assessments and also with writing conventions. Before commencing into university, as a student you are also able to attend open days, even during your HSC year, most universities are already organising open days for new students to give more information to students about the institutions and what to expect. Introduction Making a transition of first year students into academic life at an Australian tertiary institution can be one of the most challenging experiences. It is challenging not only in terms of academic purposes but also as it is the stage in students life where they will most likely to experience emotional, financial and social problems. As a student of tertiary school there will be huge adjustments that will have to be made by students such as adjustments to new learning and teaching styles, assessments styles and writing practices. Despite it all, transition to university life can be challenging to some students yet it is still a very awarding experience they will ever have. 2. Definition Transition is simply defined as moving from one level to another, it is a process and not an event in which it symbolise change, it can be seen as a motion from familiar into unfamiliar (Levin, 1987), for example environment. Transition of first year students is defined as moving up from high school into tertiary levels, changes that all first year students entering university has to tackle on. Student transition is also describes as a category of transitional changes that is needed for students in entering academic life in universities, it is a process of moving from one community to another (Tinto,1988). The students relationship with tertiary education is not the same as the one they had in primary or secondary. University has a more complex and comprehensive environment than secondary schools, and many students give up their closeness with their families, friends, and home to cope within the university life for a few years. The students transition is all about the students dealing with the whole university life and not just simply the university as formal and more academic institutions. Students have to adjust into a new learning styles and new surroundings, also with the people in the institutions they will be interacting with during their university life. The students will be likely to deal with a whole form of challenges during their period of time studying in university: social, personal and intellectual. These transitions are sometimes spoken out in high schools or during the last year of high school to give students a picture of how university will be like for them when they enter it but the truth is that some can be true but many are not. 3. STUDENTS TRANSITION Anthropologist Van Gennep, Tinto (1988) has stated that the cycle of entering the university moves through three distinct stages separation, transition and incorporation. 3.1 Separation during the separation stage, student will require to disconnect their selves from their connections of prior relationships with communities such as high school or home environments or anything that are atleast less stressful in order to adapt university life. 3.2 Transition students will find themselves interacting to other people with a completely new environment and learning strategies, and in order to make connections they have to blend in. During the transition stage, students have not quite accomplished the separation stage and still not obtained the academic and social interaction with the new stage of their learning. As Anthropologist Van Gennep, Tinto proposed, it is the stage where the process of moving from one community to another is taking place and he also said that this stage can be more or less stressful and difficult for some students. The first two stages is where students are often in greater risk of dropping out from their courses (Hillman, 2005) 3.3 Incorporation means inclusion, it is the final stage of the model that has been proposed by Tinto. It is the stage where students face difficulties in adopting the standards suitable to the new environment or setting, and in this case, it is the university or any tertiary levels. In order to accomplish this stage, students have to allocate contacts with different members from the institutions to set up social and academic connections. 4. ISSUES AFFECTING STUDENTS TRANSITION There are three identified main sections in which transition can be problematic, they are as follows; students anxiety, adjustment processes, and the continuity with respect to the curriculum (Hargreaves, et al 1996). Although they only have studied primary and secondary transitions, it is also identified that their findings are also relevant to other contexts such as the university or in the workplace. People tend to worry their selves when entering a new stage of their life, just like how students worry when entering university life. This can be a big problem when all they think about is the negative sides. The second section is the adjustment processes, as a new university students, you will have to adjust to the new environment and new learning styles. Continuity with respect to subject course studies can be problematic because some people are not aware of the difference of the subject studied in high school and universities, in terms of workloads and assessments style. If these problems that have been stated by Hargreaves, Earl and Ryan (1996) continued, this could lead to withdrawal or dropping out of a student from university studies. 4.1 Expectations of students prior to commencement During the final year of secondary school, most institutions chose to expose the students into basic academic strategies. It is to help supplement their students learning in to more academic stage to give them a basic image of how university will be like when they get to tertiary levels but despite it all, it is not enough. Most students have failed to adapt the academic transition when they enter university because they only have a basic knowledge about university life. The most common expectations first year students have of university life are as follows: -having fun during their studies, -meeting new people and making friends with them, Freedom that they never had during secondary studies. -more interesting subjects When students start their first few weeks in the university, they will find that the expectations theyve had prior to commencing university studies are actually the other way around. It is actually difficult to make friends, and that they will find out that there are much heavier workloads than they have expected during their high school life, and more. 4.2 The most common issues faced by first year student Are the following: fitting in to the new environment, most students undertaking their first year at the university are having hard times fitting into the new environment. University campuses are wide and groups of buildings can be associated with the institutions. Finding rooms can be a real hassle especially when the university is consists of different buildings. -making new friends, most students often start their first year at the university excited in making friends and meeting new people but sometimes, university is not described as a friendly place, as more students going to the university are more focus on their academic life than their social life. -University workload, this is one of the issues that cause a student to withdraw and give up their studies. It is because of their lack of confidence and usually these types of students are the ones who do not know how to manage their time for every subject which ended them up of leaving behind their study course. 5. CONCLUSION First year at universities are highly important in students life as they are now entering a different and a higher stage of education, it is significant yet its very challenging. Making the transition to academic life at an Australian university can be one of the most difficult and challenging experiences faces by first year students. Transition to the university life have also been one of the reasons why some students withdraws from their study, as they have experienced hard times or lack of self confidence to tackle the new stage of education. In order for students to achieved this stage of their life many institutions have introduced programs to help students and encourage them on how to be more focused in their studies and how to overcome the issues discussed in this report. 6. RECOMMENDATIONS It is essential for universities to introduce or update orientation programs for students before starting university. Institutions should provide a culture of university and also give the students advice in entering the university. It is also the students responsible to research information about the university they are planning to enroll in, in order to have knowledge about it when starting their tertiary education. Institutions should let the students know about the workloads, the assessment styles and writing conventions during the orientation week, so students can learn how to manage their times prior to commencing university studies. It is also a good idea for institutions to provide programs during the orientation week for first years students to get to know each other It is also important for the institutions to provide highly trained tutors that can work with students to help them with their problems or uncertainty about the topics in a particular course subject. Also a highly trained counsellor to help students with their problems outside university life, such as family problems and help them assist and overcome these issues to maintain the grades. Some students feel more comfortable when they have more friends that go to the same university as them. In order to make new friends and get the ability to get to know other people from the university, you have to be friendly to them and enhance your communication skills. Respect others if you want them to respect you too. Students should be aware of workloads and different styles of assessments and also with writing conventions. Students also have to be aware that entering a tertiary stage means that they have to be thinking more critically and more academic as they are now treated as adult. They should also be aware that lecturers are not as reliable as the teachers you had in high school, they expect you to be acting and thinking academically. Before commencing into university, as a student you are also able to attend open days, even during your HSC year, most universities are already organising open days for new students to give more information to students about the institutions and what to expect.

Essay on Earths Holocaust and The Birthmark -- Birthmark Essays

Essay on Earth's Holocaust and The Birthmark Hawthorne knew that all men are defective. Earth's Holocaust is his most striking statement of the theme, but every story and novel is based on that premise. Those who ignore human imperfection in their planning become, like Aylmer of The Birthmark, destroyers rather than creators. From his knowledge of universal depravity came and not as paradoxically as it may seem a humility and a sense of social solidarity too often lacking in our young critics of society. The society with which he was concerned was a wider society. As we have noted, his people are often ''saved'' through love for one other person. The heart is touched by love, bringing warmth, or ''reality." But the saved one does not then withdraw with his loved one in a society of the elect; he does not join a Brook Farm or a commune. He returns to the larger society, to what Lewis calls "the tribe." He is defective and incomplete-as it is defective and incomplete; he needs it as it needs him. Thus love unites Phoebe and Holgr ave, but also serves the larger social purpose of uniting two warring families, displacing hate by love and "cleansing'' a cursed house. Love for Clifford brings Hepzibah out of destructive pride and isolation into intercourse with the world. Hester is saved at the end not by the "consecration of its own" she once thought blessed her union with Dimmesdale, not by escape into ... ...ch somehow we all bear complicity, and with both joy and trouble intensifed by love, linking us to others who share in the human condition. With such distinctions, we can hardly call Hawthorne a true and complete hippie. Neither can we deny that he shared the hippies' aversions and the most essential of their desires. We can see him as relevant the word is useful if overworked even to the hippie generation. To do so we need those qualities in which he was strongest: humility to accept as equals and as like ourselves people of all classes, ages, and times, and historical imagination to see essential likeness of one time to another beneath their superficial differences. Essay on Earth's Holocaust and The Birthmark -- Birthmark Essays Essay on Earth's Holocaust and The Birthmark Hawthorne knew that all men are defective. Earth's Holocaust is his most striking statement of the theme, but every story and novel is based on that premise. Those who ignore human imperfection in their planning become, like Aylmer of The Birthmark, destroyers rather than creators. From his knowledge of universal depravity came and not as paradoxically as it may seem a humility and a sense of social solidarity too often lacking in our young critics of society. The society with which he was concerned was a wider society. As we have noted, his people are often ''saved'' through love for one other person. The heart is touched by love, bringing warmth, or ''reality." But the saved one does not then withdraw with his loved one in a society of the elect; he does not join a Brook Farm or a commune. He returns to the larger society, to what Lewis calls "the tribe." He is defective and incomplete-as it is defective and incomplete; he needs it as it needs him. Thus love unites Phoebe and Holgr ave, but also serves the larger social purpose of uniting two warring families, displacing hate by love and "cleansing'' a cursed house. Love for Clifford brings Hepzibah out of destructive pride and isolation into intercourse with the world. Hester is saved at the end not by the "consecration of its own" she once thought blessed her union with Dimmesdale, not by escape into ... ...ch somehow we all bear complicity, and with both joy and trouble intensifed by love, linking us to others who share in the human condition. With such distinctions, we can hardly call Hawthorne a true and complete hippie. Neither can we deny that he shared the hippies' aversions and the most essential of their desires. We can see him as relevant the word is useful if overworked even to the hippie generation. To do so we need those qualities in which he was strongest: humility to accept as equals and as like ourselves people of all classes, ages, and times, and historical imagination to see essential likeness of one time to another beneath their superficial differences.

Editing and Montage as a Design Tool in Architecture

In this universe we experience retrieve with that imagine the past nowadays and the hereafter. similarly topographic point and juncture, mind and infinite are non outside of each other they both fuse into each other to organize a remarkable experience, merely movie helps us see all of this more clearly than anything else, as it can in no clip takes us back in the yesteryear, likewise in to the hereafter and it besides portions the experiences of present twenty-four hours modern-day universe. movie besides allows a passageway into another universe every bit good transporting its audiences into infinites and environment that makes us experience more existent than anything we experience in our mundane life. the audiences allows themselves to be absorbed by the narrative it offers and they temporarily becomes the portion of that narrative. both architecture and film offer a delicate connexion of physiological and experiential factors. both art signifiers defines human interaction through different facets of life and gives different position for better apprehension of our universe. merely like the architecture is more than merely kick white walls and columns, likewise movie has a batch to offer than showing emended images on a clean white screen. â€Å" Architecture exists, like film, in the dimension of clip and motion. One conceives and reads a edifice in footings of sequences. To raise a edifice is to foretell and seek effects of contrast and linkage Through which one passes†¦ † Jhon novel Film and architecture are two distinguishable professions, but as we explore the both Fieldss both art signifiers have given a batch to each other and their cooperation day of the months back, of all time since the first moving image was introduced in the late eighteenth century, in which images of mundane metropolis life were shown to the audience. the cooperation of the two professions has growing together of all time since as both professions portions a immense common land the coaction has growing questionably until now non merely in the part of the advancement of different thoughts, ideas and visions belonging to different decennaries of this century likewise the usage representation techniques of film has helped to heighten the designers imaginativeness. all through their transcendency movie and architecture strengthen their connexion by larning different rational, nonliteral and practical devices from one and other in order to beef up their ain system of apprehension. â€Å"Although film and architecture are distant humanistic disciplines, dynamic and inactive severally ; their complex relationship gives life to each other. Sharing a common regard for the parallel procedures involved in bring forthing their plants, the Godheads behind these two looks have an apprehension that one will ever profit the other † ( 1 ) there are many parallel procedure in the devising and designing of the movie which is really much related with the designing and representation procedure of architecture, both professions requires the survey of both in order to take the benefit. â€Å" there are movies which can non be a success without an designer working at the background planing existent life sets. which are meant to look perfect in every facet ( doing everything about the movie world based ) † ( 2 ) peculiarly merely as the film depicts life over a large white level surface, likewise the presentation of architecture both in the design procedure and the certification uses the same procedure. each profession has looked into each other in order to derive advantage, both signifiers use similar techniques in their specific design procedure merely as architecture can non be done without paper, theoretical accounts, pulling likewise movie requires all these techniques for its devising in the design procedure. Prof.Francis Penz speaks of this confederation Architects can surely larn from the filmmaker’s ability to stand for and travel through infinites. They can besides larn from the trade and aesthetic of studio-made characteristics where film makers have brought a peculiar vision to bear upon the sets and the architecture in which the histrions move. Architects may profit to understand that their 3-dimensional representations are a ‘natural set’ for the geographic expedition of infinites in motion, which may assist to look at one’s work in a less inactive manner. Similarly, the manners of representation used by architecture pupils, as mentioned above, utilizing drawings, physical theoretical accounts and more peculiarly computing machine lifes, may represent an interesting starting point for the movie industry ( 3 ) hence many film makers take aid from designers for the flawlessness of their unrealistic edifice signifier to convey life and world in those constructions. Similarly the designers besides take benefit from the architecture of movie by acquiring inspired from the futuristic attack of movies, apart from this the techniques used in the film such as collage, redacting, semblance, illuming, motion in infinite have ever been demand of the architecture in assorted design procedure of about every edifice. likewise merely as the designers takes control of upon every facet of the edifice design a movie manager acts as important component is planing of a movie. With the release of city in the late 1920s wholly changed the position how people related movie and architecture and it made the connexion between the two Fieldss stronger than of all time before. the release of the movie brought about a new civilization in Germany of excessively big sized hoardings as it became a new manner in Germans movie industry, which was in the procedure of following American criterion in Berlin entirely adding about 20 film theatres each with a 1000 seats to its stock of 380 film theatres. Bringing images of screen into the street these tremendous advertizements narrowed the spread between movie and world and merged for an instant movie and architecture. The release of the movie besides gave rise to the argument about the hereafter of Berlin as the film reveals the modern-day captivation with a edifice type that stood at the centre of the widespread about the hereafter of German metropoliss. â€Å" Metropolis was rich in the subterraneous content that, like contraband cross the boundary lines of consciousness without being questioned † ( 4 ) The movie was a success as it addressed issues of urban hapless and societal agitation, pros and cons of the usage of technolog, generational struggles and delivering power of the faiths. cities shown and depicted overdone version of dark American streets with a construct of cardinal tower that had played such an of import portion in recent treatments and that represented the most conservative and modern-day attack to skyscraper design and town planning in Germany. it was this film which made a immense impact on urbanist motions in other movies as good where the function of monumentality and the function of skyscraper continued. Both movie and architecture have many similar elements in their devising, if we talk about architecture it is the infinites which are required to be organized in a coveted mode to accomplish a peculiar design where as in movie devising images are organized in a certain mode. in the instance of movie doing it undergo the process of three stages, the expressive portion of thenarrative, the spacial usage of mise en scene and the important portion of montage/editing. brian vocalist the manager of movie X-men, the usual suspects provinces â€Å" has stated about the formal procedure that â€Å"a movie is designed three times in production ; at first on paper, 2nd at the set and 3rd in the editing/montage room.† ( 5 ) likewise movie shaper micheal explains the 3 phase procedure of movie devising â€Å" 1. Always, under any fortunes, write and convey a book to your shoots. a book or screenplay is written program of the movie in your imaginativeness. it includes duologues as good the scenes, what the histrions do, the particular effects, the music and so on ( The narration ) 2.storyboards/ mise en scene are a great manner to visualise your shootings and set some construction in your a narrative board is series of illustration or images displayed in a sequence to give others an thought of how the scene will look 3. production and post-production ( collage ) which means you shoot movie along with the dramatis personae and crew. Post-production is the most fun portion its fundamentally consists of redacting of movie and adding effects † ( 6 ) Narrative in movie devising: – narration in the movie devising is the portion which describes the basic thought of the narrative, it describes assorted impressions that the movie brings with its ego it is one of the BASIC of the movie, narrative besides depicts the chief subject of a movie and around which the narrative of the movie is revolves. in the devising of the movie the narrative is merely an fanciful conceptual procedure and it aids to construct up the primary phases of movie design. mise en scene/story board: – It is the procedure in which the existent visual image of each scenes takes topographic point, it is the representation of the necessities of the movie such as puting up the narrative and presenting it to the audiences in this the objects with in the frame are operated through compositional criterions, the elments which can change or help the mise en scene can be the lighting, colour, back land scene, camera angles and the placement of the characters. Editing, Montage/ production: – this is the most indispensable portion in the devising of the movie as it is what completes the movie by the procedure of cutting and gluing and it forms a relationship between the shootings if we compare these techniques to architecture it can be deduced that to a certain grade all of these movie devising procedures are used in architecture every bit good, it is known that visual image or development of fanciful edifices, the work and patterns of designers can be influenced from these movie devising procedures. In add-on to illustration techniques of cinematic techniques such as narrative, semblance, motion, editing/montage, narrative board, cut, illuming have besides been used for the demands of architecture as the constituent of design. harmonizing to Gallic designer Jhon Novel says that his undertakings are really much influenced by the filmic techniques, harmonizing to him disclosures made by movie managers are as something that architects do themselves in planing their edifices. Apart from jhon novel if we by and large look at different plants of architecture it can be analyzed that both art forms uses similar techniques in their development procedure. these techni ques people use in architecture consciously but many people have been utilizing these techniques unconsciously somehow or the other.NARRATIVE AS DESIGN TOOL IN ARCHITECTUREJewsih museum by Denial LibiskindIn Jewish museum Berlin Deinal libiskind uses the art of storytelling through architectural linguistic communication and edifice signifier, the garden of expatriate, the three axes of the German-Jewish experience and the nothingnesss together these pieces form a ocular and spacial linguistic communication the Jewish museum depicts history of events to the visitant while every infinite unfolds itself and organize a narrative by picturing series of events which took topographic point in Berlin ‘s past history.EDITING/MONTAGE AS A DESIGN TOOL IN ARCHITECTURECollages of Ludwig Mies Van Der RoheMies is celebrated as a maestro builder, with his attending to detail and keep proportions taking to consummate and surprisingly poetic constructions. His axioms are quoted in schools: â₠¬Å"God is in the details† and, of class, â€Å"Less is more.† But he was every bit consummate in two dimensions, as the presently running MoMA exhibition â€Å" Cut ‘n’ Paste: From Architectural Assemblage to Collage City † brought to our attending. The exhibition showcases works from the well-known collagists Archigram, OMA, and Superstudio, but besides includes several montages by Mies—collages seldom seen in academic or retrospective treatments of the architect’s work. It is easy to state that the montages are Mies’s work at a glimpse ; their understatedness, their restrained yet powerful work of art, draws the oculus. Many of the montages are toneless, mostly made up of whitespace ; line-drawn position grids define the fields of floor and ceiling, while two, or possibly three, dividers block positions out of plate-glass Windowss. Many of these dividers are adorned with patterned marble or modernist pictures by Kandinsky or â€Å"Guernica† by Picasso. The culmination—Mies at his wildest—is a montage for a Chicago convention hall, in which the walls are a deep green marble decorated by province seals, the ceiling is a deep steel grid with an American flag draping down, and which features crowds of people cut from newspapers. Bibliography1.griger, Murray.Space in Time: Filming Architecture.199. 2.TIM BERGFELDER, SUE HARRIS, SARAH STREET.FILM ARCHITECTURE AND THE TRANSNATIONAL.s.l. : Amsterdam Uniiversiity Press. 3.penz, Frances.architecture and film.s.l. : Academy Editions, 1994. 4.kracauer, siegfried.from calgiri to hitler: a psychological history of German movie.s.l. : Princeton university imperativeness. 5.vocalist, brian. 6.micheal.eastern visible radiations productions’ short movie web log.The Three Stages of Filmmaking.[ Online ] eastern visible radiations production. [ Cited: November 29, 2013. ] http: //easternlights.wordpress.com/2008/08/11/the-three-stages-of-filmmaking/ .

Bass Pro Shops †Marketing Strategy Research Outline (300 Level Course)

Bass Pro Shops – Marketing Strategy Research Outline (300 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Bass Pro Shops Marketing Strategy Research Outline (300 Level Course) Problem Statement o Bass Pro Shops are category killers and have a handful of competitors and a large target market they are not meeting. Key drivers of change in the industry o The technological advances in the fishing, boating, and hunting equipment used by Bass Pro Shops drive changes in the industry. o The male dominated target audience who does not like to shop also influences the aesthetics, emotional appeal and first impressions of a store. Competition Strength Assessment o Bass Pro Shops are a category killer. o Reputation of putting all competition out of business by high applications from competitor’s employees. o Archery USA and Back Country Outfitters sell highly specialized items that Bass does not. o Many smaller stores survive because people don’t want the hassle of going into the Bass store. o REI challenges bass with its in-store hands on equipment testing. o Cabela’s a family-owned catalog company provides direct competition to Bass Pro Shop because of the size of their catalog sales. o L.L. Bean offers excellent customer service and high end goods that beat the Bass Pro Shop lines. Key Factors for Competitive Success in the Industry o To be successful in this industry Bass Pro Shop must constantly be at the forefront of new line items and product innovations. o Price points for all lines are very important also. The ability to cater to all levels of outdoors man is essential. o The ability to keep the Bass Pro Shop for the man who does not like to shop. The stores must be easily navigable, have sales people that are well informed, and product testing and demonstrations for the avid outdoors man. Recommended Strategy and Justification o After reading the case study, it is recommended that Bass Pro Shop slow down on their expansions and concentrate on improving the store navigation problems. o If the shopper knows the store has everything they need if it is not easy to locate, and quick check outs with nice and knowledgeable sales people the shopper will not shop there. o Bass Pro Shop also needs to work on their internet site for the non-shopper. The internet site, mail order catalogs, and stores inventory should all be linked so the user can locate their items by number or name. SWOT o Strengths ? Stable sales force ? Well educated sales force ? Comprehensive product lines ? Technical expertise with different product lines ? Wide variety with many price points on different lines ? Good marketing leverage with outdoors man ? Privately owned company that has abundant financial resources ? Well known brand name for outdoor fishing, hunting and boating supplies ? Respected company with a strong brand name ? Committed Employees ? Alliances with other firms to carry their products o Weaknesses ? Old fashioned management that does not follow technology ? Inflexible store ideas that do not stay with market trends ? No innovation in store set ups or displays ? Deals only with large accounts and misses the more specialized producers of hunting, fishing and boating equipment for the avid outdoorsman. ? Limited in-depth product usage and experience. ? Vulnerable to technological changes. ? Rapid growth loses the strategic direction ? Limited distribution of products ? Higher costs than competitors o Opportunities ? Rapid Market Growth in large outdoor areas ? Rival firms are complacent and not attacking. ? Opening of foreign markets. ? Demographic shifts in who is hunting, fishing, and boating. ? New technology for the outdoors man. ? Sales decline for competitors and substitute products. o Threats ? Entry of foreign competitors in new markets. ? Introduction of substitute stores ? In the decline stage of the product life cycle. ? Changes in federal policy on the environment, hunting, fishing and boating. ? Demographic shifts in the customers. ? Poor performance by all firms in sales, promotions and distributions. ? International political turmoil in new markets. Research Papers on Bass Pro Shops - Marketing Strategy Research Outline (300 Level Course)Marketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfDefinition of Export QuotasResearch Process Part OneThe Project Managment Office SystemMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesPETSTEL analysis of India

Peoples of the Tundra Essays

Peoples of the Tundra Essays Peoples of the Tundra Essay Peoples of the Tundra Essay The Dolman are primarily a Turkey speaking people, mostly residing In Shortcakes Kraal, Russia. A 2002 census shows there are 7,261 Dollars living In Kraal, with 26 Dollars counted as living In the Ukraine. The Dollars are mostly reindeer breeders, hunters, and fisherman; although some gardening is also found throughout their communities. The Nanas is the northernmost tribe, residing on the Tammany peninsula close to the Arctic Ocean. There were only 834 Nanas members counted in the same census. Historically, they are nomadic hunters and fishers, although reindeer herding Is also largely popular. A variety of methods for gathering data were used In the 12 months that Keller lived amongst these groups between 1994 and 1997. A vast amount of data was collected and presented on economical, ecological, and political situations among the Dolman and Nanas. Individual interviews and direct participation in the society daily activities gave an in depth accounting of these tribes. One of the four hallmarks of anthropology is participant observation, which allowed Kier to build lasting friendships and relationships with the people, gain their trust, and deeply understand their day to day lifestyles, family needs. ND deep rooted traditions. Directly participating gave the author first hand knowledge of how to survive in this limited, and how important it is to contribute to the hunting practices. This involvement explains in great detail how drastically cold, and harsh, northern Siberia can be, and how important sharing is in order to survive. Majority of anthropologists study groups to find how their goods are made and distributed. Both Dolman and Nanas depend mostly on meat and fish as the mall component of their diet. There are several types of hunts, with 38 hunts documented in the book. Caribou hunting provides the greatest amount of meat, and this type of hunt is performed on land and water. Hunters also set up and own their own trap nines for hunting Arctic Fox. There are also various types of fishing going on, which may or may not be incorporated Into the hunt of large game. Goose hunting is also popular during spring and summer. Both groups rely on gathering of berries and mushrooms, utilizing small plastic buckets to do so. The daily labor is divided fairly and equally between family members. The men are the primary owners of the hunting equipment and trap lines. Therefore, they maintain these and do the physical labor of hunting. Older men mostly participate in fishing closely to the village, while small boys will work along side the women and arils. The women are in charge of food preparation and the distribution of the meat. They utilize the kin selection model of food sharing by deciding how much to use Walton tenet Immediate Tamely, want Is Kept or glen away, Ana to whom It Is given. They also handle the finer butchering of the meat for preparing soups, ribs, etc. Another duty handled by the women is clothing. They are the seamstresses of the families, using animal pelts and furs to piece together garments. The intricate sewing and bodywork that is done can take up to several weeks to finish even one clothing item. The Dolman and Nanas believe that sharing the meat is a requirement of the Tundra itself. Others may come around asking for food, tolerated scrounging, and they are not to be turned away if there is anything to give. They believe if they dont share, they are being selfish, and the Tundra will no longer bless them with animals and good hunts in the future. Drying and smoking of excess meats are done outside, which signals to the neighbors that there is an excess available. The Russian government began setting up bread stores in 1822 in the district providing a supply of carbohydrates in the forms of breads and grains. These goods were sold for cash, or given by way of trade for other goods. This system of bread stores only further controlled the taxation process on the products they provided. Russia continues to provide these goods, but no longer through the stores. They now transport them directly to Siberia via helicopter, which is highly expensive. Therefore, the amounts and variety of products provided has been drastically reduced. So much so, that the amounts of bread product provided is not enough for everyone. Russian colonization and control of the Siberian Tundra region was highly inefficiency to those moving into the area, but devastating to those already living there. Siberian endured suffering at the hands of Russians two major armies, The White Army and the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. Many natives were forced into service of these armies, changing their way of life, forcibly converting them into workers for the state. Goods and services were still exchanged between, but only in designated areas, and handled with great care by both parties. Exchanges were never face to face, weapons were in hand, and goods were passed through windows or tossed back and forth. Nanas had rarely slaughtered their domesticated reindeer for personal consumption, but such an act was becoming more and more common during these times. Any abundance of reindeer, as deemed by the Russians, were confiscated and moved to collective areas. The Soviets wanted more and more control of the hunting and trading practices, as a way to further tax the Siberian people, so stronger regulations were put into place. Russia clearly stated an interest in the natural resources of the Tundra, primarily graphite, and moved to gain control of such. Native congresses were established by the Soviet Union, yet Siberian leaders, such as shamans and kulaks, were not allowed to sit on these congresses. Soon they outlawed the practice of shamanism altogether, and many shamans were arrested and executed. Practicing shamanism of any kind by the people was done only in secret. Around 1929, Stalin began moving non-native peasants from the south into the Siberian Tundra, adding further stress to the natives living there. These peasants had no way of caring for themselves, and how to survive the harsh climate was not knowledge they had. Therefore, the natives had to care for the newcomers, unable to o so themselves. A movement of resistance to this acclimatization was formed by ten Kulaks, or roll peasants, wanly was quickly eater Dye Russian military Walt mass bloodshed and war tactics. Native societies began to Join forces and make demands to the government publicly. Primarily they wanted no more factorization of the kulaks, who were essentially the elders of the communities. They asked for freedom from trapping, taxes, and freight transport as well. In response to these demands, more agents were sent to the Tundra to ensure reindeer purchasing and fur production were intact. Kulaks were also ordered to continue their orders or be brought to court. Many kulaks were arrested and killed during this time. It was widely known for Russian military to open fire on native meetings at any point. The biggest losses and changes to befall the Dolman and Nanas from around the sass to the sass was their loss of reindeer. The reindeer was mostly used for transportation, and now had either been purchased or confiscated by the government for use by the state. Shamans and kulaks were frequently executed, and their reindeer surrendered to the Soviet government. Collective farms were established, and the natives were moved into these areas and assigned housing. This forced acclimatization of the natives drastically changed their nomadic lifestyle, which brought about a widespread depression. Self-medication of this depression by use of alcohol was also becoming more common, as alcohol was more available. People had been moved and settled into marked communities and villages, had lost majority of their personal reindeer, and were mostly employed by state-run agencies. These were huge differences to their previous way of life. There was, however, more access to medical care now which had decreased the death rates f children and infants. The increasing access to alcohol has increased the death rates of working age adults. There is less and less hunting taking place to fulfill the government hunting plans, which provides more and more free time to the people in the communities. Dollars have more members in their group than the Gnashing, yet the death rate is higher due to alcohol abuse in the Nanas tribe. Nanas death rate in females is as high as it is in males, which is directly linked to the low birth rate. There are less females of age to have children, and this is showing in the constant decline in births every year. The adjustments the people were forced to make during the rise, and fall, of the socialist state brought about a great emotional depression, which led to alcohol abuse, and in turn, more depression. People were overlooking spending their money on purchasing necessities in order to buy alcohol. This puts a person, and their families, in a very tight position. The Dolman and Nanas tribes both have a vast history rich in shamanistic traditions. The definition of shaman is to know in an ecstatic manner. (pig 106) Shamans commonly practice contacting the deceased for answers to their questions ND guidance. The Soviet Union outlawed the practice of shamanism in the sass, although the traditions were still passed down in secret. Shamanism changed after the passing of the head of the family in 1996, although it still shapes much of the beliefs of people in this region. The Nanas use wooden statues, or idols, called kaka, to represent their ancestors. Although the Dolman are primarily Russian Orthodox, they also practice shamanism, Ana nave sass called sanitary . It Is Deliver Tanat Dye Tyler ten sanitary would bind the family together. Bad luck could come to the members of the family if Haitian wasnt cared for, and upon the death of a family member, only a shaman could unbind the assistant. Doctrines exist outlining these beliefs, and the taboos practiced. There are many stories about coexisting with nature and how to deal with things like fire. Fire is of utmost importance to the survival in this region. But people believe they must also care for the fire, in order to maintain the relationship. It is believed when a fire is crackling, or making noises, it is actually communicating. It could be delivering messages of good or bad, too much noise usually means bad, and would necessitate shamans interpretation to fully grasp the message. Women primarily care for the fire; therefore they are not to walk on ash under any circumstances. This would be considered highly disrespectful to fire, and could hinder their ability to reproduce. Bears are of high importance in both Dolman and Nanas teachings. They are believed to be relatives, or ancestral souls, and arent to be hunted or killed unless absolutely necessary. Even if a bear has to be killed for safety, or in self defense, the meat and fur is not used, and the bear is given a burial like another person of the family. Many of these taboos are referred to as sins. It is a sin not to cooperate, or share, in which the spirits of the ancestors could punish someone over committing one of these sins. If someone spoke badly of someone else, for example, it is believed something bad could happen to a member of that persons family, such as death or illness. By not sharing meat, the tundra could punish by not providing any more animals. The Soviets had taken control of many aspects of the lives of people in the Tundra for a great many years, primarily control of the hunting grounds. After the fall of the Russian soviet state, families continued use of the state controlled hunting grounds. In 1992, Boris Yielding attempted to protect and maintain Dolman and Nanas way of life, yet keeping control, by allowing families to own property through family/clan holdings. If the head off family chose to apply for this status, there would be no rent or property taxes, but taxes on any profits made would still be collected. Natives must have minimum five years hunting experience to lay claim on land, and non- natives must have ten years experience. If a family claimed hunting grounds, policies and procedures set for the by the state had to be followed. It almost becomes more f an expense to not only file the formal paperwork, but the expense to buy gas and equipment necessary to access and maintain deeper regions of the grounds. Almost a dozen forms have to be file, which can be overwhelming. The reality of the situation in Just Beam is that majority of families cant afford to hold a claim. The paperwork, plus the cost of traveling to Dunedin to file them, is too much for most. Some arent even sure if the concept of land claims is a good one, while others stay fairly busy hunting and arent interested in spending the time to work through the process of a claim. The hunting grounds directly around the collective settlements were considered common use grounds, as anyone was allowed to hunt there.